Download LING 115 Final-----------------LING 115 Final and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
LING 115 Final
bilingual - correct answer ✔✔someone who can communicate in 2 languages fluently, effectively, and without hesitation simultaneous bilingualism - correct answer ✔✔L1 and L2 acquired at an early age consecutive bilingualism - correct answer ✔✔L2 acquired after L Unitary Language Hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔children assume everything they hear in L1 and L2 belongs to a single language Separate Development Hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔children know that there are 2 language systems from the start Interference - correct answer ✔✔when first language affects the way a second is learned and spoken phonological interference - correct answer ✔✔L1 sound system affects L pronouncation Grammatical Interference - correct answer ✔✔grammar of L1 interferes with learning of L2 grammar Lexical Interference - correct answer ✔✔Words from L1 are sometimes borrowed into L Critical Period Hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔limited amount of time during which a person can achieve native-speaker level of proficiency in a langauge Language Attrition - correct answer ✔✔language loss, as a result of change in circumstances
Compound Bilinguals - correct answer ✔✔One concept, 2 words (typically those who learn the languages simultaneously) Coordinate Bilinguals - correct answer ✔✔Each word links to a separate concept (typically when L1 and L2 are learned sequentially or in different environments) Subordinate bilinguals - correct answer ✔✔L2 words link to L1 associated concept through L1 translation (when words of L2 are learned through words of L1) Additive Bilingualism - correct answer ✔✔the acquisition of a second language that does not replace the native language, advanced linguistic skills, more creativity and flexible in language use Subtractive Bilingualism - correct answer ✔✔the acquisition of a second language that replaces the native language Causes of Subtractive Bilingualism - correct answer ✔✔L1 skills are not fully developed when L2 is required to be learned quickly (results in burden, overload to learn); minority children experience others acting negatively toward L anomie - correct answer ✔✔when children are lost between 2 cultures, not fully accepted into the LML Bilingual Advantage - correct answer ✔✔advanced linguistic skills, are more creative in language use and more flexible in thinking linguistic relativity hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔language acts as a filter onto the world, highlighting and obscuring different physical and mental phenomena lexical decomposition - correct answer ✔✔breaking down words into sub-parts of meaning
hybrid MOP from L1/L2 develops - correct answer ✔✔not like the MOP of monolingual L1 or L2 speakers different languages produce ______ descriptions of the same event - correct answer ✔✔different Qualitative 'sex-exclusive' differences - correct answer ✔✔some patterns of speech are only used by male or female speakers Quantitative 'sex-preferential' differences - correct answer ✔✔certain patterns occur in both male and female speech, but are used more often by speakers from one sex low pitch - correct answer ✔✔masculine high pitch - correct answer ✔✔feminine female speech often contains more - correct answer ✔✔standard forms F speech in all other classes/levels seem to be - correct answer ✔✔like M speech in the next higher class/level Solidarity causes men and women - correct answer ✔✔to speak the same 4 different kinds of social pressure on women and their behavior - correct answer ✔✔social status, expected function as role models, differences in power between men and women, masculinity is communicated by non-standard speech 4 general sociolinguistic notations to consider - correct answer ✔✔function, solidarity, power, status function - correct answer ✔✔women are oriented to affective (interpersonal) while men are more referential (pure information)
women speech uses _______ and _______ - correct answer ✔✔hedges, boosts hedges indication by Lakoff - correct answer ✔✔understatement, or seek agreement why boosts are used by Lakoff - correct answer ✔✔try to convince a hearer to believe the speaker's words why hedges/boosts are used by Holmes - correct answer ✔✔to check that others in the group are connected, to stress collaborative nature, to include others in conversation, questions to soften critical comment, to discuss sensitive topics solidarity is used more by ______ - correct answer ✔✔women than men Who raises more topics? Who succeeds? - correct answer ✔✔women, men Minimal responses - correct answer ✔✔the use of short expressions in the middle of conversation delayed minimal response - correct answer ✔✔normally indicate lack of interest or inattention women interact to _____, while men interact to increase _______ - correct answer ✔✔increase solidarity, power and status accommodation - correct answer ✔✔changing one's speech to a form closer to that of the hearer or appropriate to a particular situation Women are stylistically more flexible than men because - correct answer ✔✔different patterns of socialization, imbalance in M/F power leads to different patterns of behavior, biological explanation linguistic sexisms occurs when language - correct answer ✔✔portrays women in negative ways, supports view that men are greater/more importance, fails to provide women with same linguistic resources
