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Ling 115
Which of the following is true? Answers: -There isn't a proper or improper way of using 'slang,' and this demonstrates that language is the proper version written down in grammar books/dictionaries. -There isn't a proper or improper way of using 'slang,' and this demonstrates that language is NOT the proper version written down in grammar books/dictionaries, but rather what is actually in the speakers' heads. -There is a proper and improper way of using 'slang,' and this demonstrates that language is the proper version written down in grammar books/dictionaries. -There is a proper and improper way of using 'slang,' and this demonstrates that language is NOT the proper version written down in grammar books/dictionaries, but rather what is actually in the speakers' heads. - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct There is a proper and improper way of using 'slang,' and this demonstrates that language is NOT the proper version written down in grammar books/dictionaries, but rather what is actually in the speakers' heads. What's the problem with saying that two speakers speak the same language if they use the same grammar and vocabulary? Answers: -Norwegian and Danish are very similar yet they are considered two separate languages. -Every speaker of a language has slightly different grammar rules and vocabulary. -The different dialects of Dutch are so different that the speakers cannot understand each other. -Papua New Guinea has an extraordinary number of languages that are difficult to classify by family. - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct
Every speaker of a language has slightly different grammar rules and vocabulary. What's the problem with the Mutual Intelligibility Hypothesis? Selected Answer: -Norwegian and Danish are very similar yet they are considered two separate languages. -Every speaker of a language has slightly different grammar rules and vocabulary. -The different dialects of Dutch are so different that the speakers cannot understand each other. -Papua New Guinea has an extraordinary number of languages that are difficult to classify by family. - correct answer ✔✔Correct Norwegian and Danish are very similar yet they are considered two separate languages. Which of the following has approximately 40 mutually unintelligible dialects? Selected Answer: Arabic Chinese Dutch English - correct answer ✔✔Correct Arabic The Papua New Guinea varieties Lusi and Kove are considered by the people who speak them to be the same language because their grammar and vocabulary are almost identical. Answers: True Correct False - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: False
-Lexico-statistics tells us that the two varieties should be classified as dialects of the same language, but the speakers of those varieties may not consider themselves to be speaking the same language. -Lexico-statistics tells us that the two varieties should be classified as dialects of the same language, and the speakers of those varieties consider themselves to be speaking the same language. -Lexico-statistics tells us that the two varieties should NOT be classified as dialects of the same language, but the speakers of those varieties might consider themselves to be speaking the same language. - correct answer ✔✔Lexico-statistics tells us that the two varieties should be classified as dialects of the same language, but the speakers of those varieties may not consider themselves to be speaking the same language. Jamaican Creole-English is an example of Selected Answer: -A dialect continuum -Two mutually unintelligible dialects that are considered to be the same language. -Two mutually intelligible dialects that are considered to be different languages. -Lexico-statistics. - correct answer ✔✔Correct A dialect continuum Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom r-drops. Selected Answer: True False - correct answer ✔✔True What is Standard English? Answers: -The best way of speaking English. -A register of English.
-The most systematic way of speaking English. -A style of English. - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: A style of English. Which of the following is a register? Answers: -The specialized way students speak in a classroom when a professor is in the room. -The formal way people speak to their superiors. -The way English is spoken in Southern California. -The way French is spoken in Paris. - correct answer ✔✔Correct The specialized way students speak in a classroom when a professor is in the room. An accent differs from other varieties of a language in its vocabulary and pronunciation. Answers: True False - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct False The words Rosa (Spanish for a type of flower) and Roza (Bulgarian for a type of flower) are cognates. Answers: True False - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct True
-The variety Bookese will NOT be considered the standard language Libraria because it lacks historicity and might be seen as a reduction. -The variety Bookese will be considered the standard language of Libraria because it has importance. -The variety Bookese will NOT be considered the standard language of Libraria because it lacks autonomy. - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct The variety Bookese will NOT be considered the standard language Libraria because it lacks historicity and might be seen as a reduction. We use nonstandard speech, especially slang, when we're being sloppy about how we talk. Answers: True False - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct False Dropping 'r's or 'h's out of a word is: Answers: -considered bad because it's always best to pronounce all of the letters in a word. -considered bad because the speakers that are best known for this are considered nonprestigious. -considered good because the speakers that are best known for this are important. -considered good because it only occurs in prominent places. - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct considered bad because the speakers that are best known for this are considered nonprestigious. Using a glottal stop instead of a 't' or 'd' is:
Answers: -considered bad only in prominent places like "ladder," but ignored when it occurs in nonprominent places like "that cat." -considered bad only in prominent places like "that apple," but ignored when it occurs in nonprominent places like "butter." -considered good because prestigious people do this often. -considered bad all the time because it is mispronouncing a letter in the word. - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct considered bad only in prominent places like "ladder," but ignored when it occurs in nonprominent places like "that cat." Double negatives such as "I don't want none." are illogical. Answers: True False - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct False It is impossible to tell which varieties will be considered prestigious without knowing the socio-political/cultural situation of the speakers. Answers: Correct True False - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: True Labov (1972) found that the upper class produced significantly more 'r's when speaking carefully than when speaking casually. Answers: True
Cheshire (1972) Labov (1966) Wayne (1960) - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct Labov (1966) Covertly prestigious features communicate solidarity. Answers: True False - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct True You are more likely to want to communicate power in a business environment than solidarity. Answers: True False - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct True Which of the following is an s-curve? Answers: -Ten people adopt a new linguistic feature, then twenty more, then forty more after that. -Forty people adopt a new linguistic feature, then twenty more, then ten after that. -Forty people adopt a new linguistic feature, then ten more, then twenty more after that. -Ten people adopt a new linguistic feature, then forty more, then twenty after that. - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer:
Correct Ten people adopt a new linguistic feature, then forty more, then twenty after that. Which of the following CAN'T be described by an s-curve? Answers: -the diffusion of a sound change through the words a speaker knows -the diffusion of a disease through a community -the diffusion of a sound change through the speakers of a language -the diffusion of pollution in a body of water - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct the diffusion of pollution in a body of water Once a change begins in a language, it can't be stopped. Answers: True False - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct False If a sound change happened in English such that all instances of "th" became pronounced as "d," the word "that" would be pronounced as "dat" before the word "thereby" was pronounced as "dereby." Answers: True False - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct True The language of Napkinish is experiencing a change. Speakers, starting in the city of Forktown, have stopped using the "-ippa" suffix in the past tense. In Forktown, the
-It shows that English is improving towards being more logical. - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct It is the result of a predictable change whereby speakers reduce the markedness of the language. What does the Benrath Line mark? Answers: -Whether speakers of German say "k" or "ch" on words such as "ich" and "machen." -Which dialect of German speakers use. -Whether the speakers of German are considered to be low, high, or middle class. -Whether speakers of French were living in the area. - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct Whether speakers of German say "k" or "ch" on words such as "ich" and "machen." If speakers of a variety are unsure about a linguistic feature (ex: they can't quite decide if the plural of "cactus" is "cacti" or "cactuses"), it's probably because that linguistic feature is in the process of changing. Answers: True False - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct True Why do most speakers of American English pronounce "cursory" with three syllables and "every" with two syllables? Answers: -"Cursory" is very hard to pronounce with two syllables.
-It's the proper way to pronounce the words, and native speakers learned these pronunciations in school. -Losing a syllable in "cursory" would make it sound too much like another word. -"Every" is a more common word than "cursory." - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct "Every" is a more common word than "cursory." What is Labov 1963 about? Answers: a language change because of overt prestige a language change because of covert prestige a language change that shows the s-curve a variety that hasn't ever changed - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct a language change because of covert prestige The youth on Martha's Vineyard were the most likely to use the new vowels. Answers: True False - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer: Correct False The people who lived up-island on Martha's Vineyard were the most likely to use the new vowels. Answers: True False - correct answer ✔✔Selected Answer:
3 hypothesis for origin of AAVE - correct answer ✔✔derived from White, african, creole/decreole Derived from white English - correct answer ✔✔a. Pros: resembles irish/british/SE English, deletes CC, imperfect learning, y'all b. Insufficient contact, different grammar rules, aspect system, double negs Derived from African language - correct answer ✔✔a. Pros: similar vocab (cognates), aspect, no CC b. Cons: which African language, Derived Decreolization - correct answer ✔✔a. Pros: contact based in Caribbean, aspect, no CC, resemble of creole b. AAVE getting more different 5 aspects of AAVE - correct answer ✔✔Ongoing Habitual Continuative Remote Completed Ongoing - correct answer ✔✔"is working (not often)" ... john working Habitual - correct answer ✔✔"usually/often works (but not now)"... john be working Continuative - correct answer ✔✔"still working (often and continuously/now)"... john be steady working Remote - correct answer ✔✔"has been working (often in the past and now)"... john been working
Completed - correct answer ✔✔"finished working (in past and not now"... John done worked theories for what language is - correct answer ✔✔1. same vocab and dictionary ----slang 2.mutual intelligibility ----Same language, not mutually intelligible ----Different languages, mutually intelligible ----Dialect Continuums
- SOCIO-POLITICAL 3 types of dialects - correct answer ✔✔Patois Regional Dialect Social Dialect Standard Language - correct answer ✔✔Importance Historicity Autonomy Not a Reduction/Mixture Why do people speak differently? - correct answer ✔✔geographic region race gender age social class labov 1972 - correct answer ✔✔High Class: Saks Middle Class: Macy's Lower Class: Klein
Benrath-Urdingen Line - correct answer ✔✔maken vs machen low vs high Language change not all same person/word - correct answer ✔✔s-curve isogloss present progressive vs. simple present every vs century adverbs ->adj Oakland proposal 1 on what AAVE is - correct answer ✔✔African American students..utilize a language described as 'Ebonics' ..or 'African Language Systems'..and studies have demonstrated that African Language Systems are genetically based and not a dialect of English.' Oakland proposal revised on what AAVE is - correct answer ✔✔African American students..utilize a language described as 'Ebonics' ..or 'African Language Systems'..and studies have demonstrated that African Language Systems have origins in West African and Niger-Congo languages and are not merely dialects of English.' Oakland plan - correct answer ✔✔Proposed the '..application of a program featuring African Language Systems principles in instructing African American children both in their primary language and in English.' Proposed the '..application of a program featuring African Language Systems to move students from the language patterns they bring in to school to English proficiency.' Ann Arbor Decision (1974) - correct answer ✔✔AAVE is different than SAE and teachers need to address this
