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MCB || 246 || Exam || 1 || Study || Guide || questions || with ||
verified || detailed || answers
primary || functions || of || blood || - || ✔✔∙ || Transport || (nutrients, || heat, || waste || products, || hormones || etc.) ∙ || Regulation || of || body || temperature || (working || in || concert || with || integumentary || vasoconstriction/vasodilation) ∙ || Fluid || balance ∙Acid/Base-Ph || balance || (working || in || concert || with || urinary || and || respiratory || systems) ∙ || Protection || (immunological) || - || WBCs || mediate || our || body's || immune || responses primary || constituents || of || blood || - || ✔✔∙ || plasma || - || 55% ∙ || formed || elements || - || 45% basic || physical || characteristic || of || blood → || color || - || ✔✔∙ || color || - || scarlet → || Oxygenated= || bright || red → || Deoxygenated || = || dark || red || (not || blue || as || commonly || referenced || in || many || textbooks) basic || physical || characteristic || of || blood →volume || - || ✔✔avg || adult || around || 5L
basic || physical || characteristic || of || blood →pH || - || ✔✔7.35-7. basic || physical || characteristic || of || blood →viscosity || - || ✔✔→ || 4.5 || - || 5.5X || water; || can || be || variable || depending || on || state || of || hydration → || e.g || dehydrated || → || viscosity || ↑ 3 || components || of || formed || elements || - || ✔✔erythrocytes, || leukocytes, || platelets erythrocyte || abundance || in || formed || elements || - || ✔✔RBCs || - || 99.9% || of || formed || elements leukocyte || abundance || in || formed || elements || - || ✔✔WBCs- || <1% || of || formed || elements platelet || abundance || in || formed || elements || - || ✔✔less || than || 1% || of || formed || elements albumins || - || ✔✔∙ || most || numerous ∙ || largest || contributor || to || colloid || osmotic || pressure || (key || regulator || of || blood || pressure); || also || serve || as || transport || proteins || (e.g. || certain || hormones) globulins || - || ✔✔∙ || second || largest || group ∙ || Alpha-globulins || and || beta-globulins || act || as || transporters || for || water || insoluble || molecules
Hematopoiesis || - || ✔✔production || of || formed || elements || (RBCs, || WBCs, || platelets); || occurs || in || bone || marrow || (red || marrow) what || does || hematopoiesis || begin || with || - || ✔✔Begins || with || a || hemocytoblast || (pluripotent || blood || stem || cell) Lymphoid || line || (lymphoid || stem || cell) || - || ✔✔gives || rise || to || lymphocytes || (leukopoiesis) Myeloid || line || (myeloid || stem || cells) || - || ✔✔gives || rise || to || RBCs || (erythropoiesis), || megakaryocytes/thrombocytes || (thrombopoiesis) || and || leukocytes(granulocytes || and || monocytes || - || excluding || lymphocytes) || via || leukopoiesis Multi-colony-stimulating || factor || (multi-CSF) || - || ✔✔Increases || formation || of || erythrocytes, || granulocytes, || monocytes, || and || platelets Granulocyte-macrophage || CSF || - || ✔✔granulocytes || and || monocytes G-CSF || - || ✔✔granulocytes M-CSF || - || ✔✔monocytes Thrombopoietin || (TPO) || - || ✔✔megakaryocytes || (platelets); || is || a || hormone || produced || by || liver
Erythropoietin || (EPO) || - || ✔✔RBCs || (involved || in || erythropoiesis); || is || a || hormone || produced || by || the || kidneys Anatomy || of || Erythrocyte || - || ✔✔∙ || Biconcave || shape ∙Anucleate || (no || ribosomes || = || no || protein || synthesis || = || no || repair) ∙ || Spend || around || 120 || days || in || circulation || after || which || time || they || are || taking || up || by || the || liver || and || spleen advantages || of || erythrocyte || shape || (biconcave) || - || ✔✔• || Flexibility || (fold || to || fit || through || narrow || capillaries)
- || Rapid || gas || exchange || (small || diffusion || distance)
- || Ability || to || stack || ("rouleau") || in || capillaries hemoglobin || - || ✔✔∙ || Oxygen-binding || protein || hemoglobin || (Hb) ∙ || The || hemoglobin || molecule || has || four || binding || sites || for || oxygen || molecules: || the || iron || atoms || in || the || four || heme || groups. || Thus, || each || Hb || tetramer || can || bind || four || oxygen || molecules ∙ || 2 || alpha || subunits, || 2 || beta || subunits ∙ || Each || heme || group || contains || 1 || porphyrin || ring ∙ || 4 || iron || atoms erythropoiesis || - || ✔✔∙ || RBC || production ∙ || Occurs || in || bone || marrow || and || ends || in || blood || stream
- || Heme || group || is || broken || down || and || ultimately a) || excreted || in || feces b) || excreted || in || urine Blood || Groups || (ABO || and || Rh || Factors) || - || ✔✔• || Blood || cells || contain || many || cell || surface || markers || which || perform || a || variety || of || functions || (e.g. || CD47, || CD49e, || CD58, || CD59, || etc).
- || Clinically || significant || markers || are || the || A,B || and || Rh || (D) || surface || antigens || because || they || determine || blood || compatibility || in || blood || transfusions.
- || One's || blood || type || (A/B,O) || is || determined || by || the || cell || surface || antigens || (A || or || B) || and || the || corresponding || circulating || Abs || (anti-A, || anti-B) type || A || - || ✔✔A || Surface || antigens; || anti-B || antibodies || (Abs) type || B || - || ✔✔B || surface || antigens; || anti-A || Abs type || AB || - || ✔✔∙ || A || and || B || surface || antigens; || no || Abs ∙ || Universal || blood || recipients type || O || - || ✔✔∙ || No || surface || antigens; || both || anti-A || and || anti-B || Abs ∙Type || O || = || universal || blood || donors Rh || positive || - || ✔✔surface || antigen || D, || no || anti-D || antibodies
Rh || negative || - || ✔✔no || surface || antigen || D, || no || anti-D || antibodies || unless || exposed || to || Rh || positive || blood Importance || of || Making || Sure || Blood || Donations || are || Correct || - || ✔✔∙ || Clinical || significance || of || ensuring || compatibility || prevents || circulating || blood || Abs || from || reacting || with || cell || surface || antigens || through || agglutination → || Type || A || and || B || individuals || have || Abs || which || cause || agglutination || when || exposed || to || blood || with || the || corresponding || surface || antigens. || (e.g. || A || surface || antigen || + || anti-A || Ab || = || agglutination) ∙In || blood || transfusions || problems || arise || when || donor || surface || antigens || react || with || recipient || antibodies. → || Because || Type || O || blood || = || no || surface || antigens || their || blood || is || compatible || with || all || others || (universal || donors) → || Because || Type || AB || blood || = || no || Abs || (universal || recipients) Neutrophils || - || ✔✔most || numerous || WBCs; || multilobed || nucleus; || fight || bacterial || infections Basophils || - || ✔✔least || numerous || (up || to || 1% || of || WBC || count) || - || bilobed || nucleus; || mediate || inflammatory || response || via || release || of || histamine || (causes || vasodilation) || and || heparin || (anti-coagulant) Eosinophils || - || ✔✔1-4% || of || WBC || count; || bilobed || nucleus; || active || in || parasitic || infections || and || antibody-mediated || immune || responses
- || coagulation Phase || 1 || - || Vascular || spasm || - || ✔✔• || Duration: || few || minutes || - || hours
- || Trigger: || damage || to || blood || vessel || walls
- || Result || - || constriction || of || blood || vessels || walls || (vasoconstriction) || at || site || of || injury || to || minimize || blood || loss || from || the || damage || area.
- || Appropriate || vascular || spasms || (in || response || to || damaged || vessels || walls) || minimize || blood || loss || whereas || inappropriate || vascular || spasms || can || cause || various || problems || (coronary || artery || [vascular] || spasm || - || myocardial || infarction/MI || [heart || attack]; || retinal || spasm || - || migraines) Phase || 2 || - || Platelet || plug || formation || - || ✔✔• || Damaged || blood || vessels || with || underlying || exposed || collagen || fibers || cause || adhesion || of || circulating || platelets || to || the || site || of || injury || (~ || 1 || min) || via || action || of || Von || Willebrand || factor.
- || Platelet || adhesion || to || damaged || tissues || causes || platelets || to || become || activated
- || Activated || platelets: A. || Release || serotonin || and || Thromboxane || A2 || which || increases || vascular || spasms || (phase || 1) B. || Release || of || ADP || (along || with || Thromboxane || A2) || attracts || more || platelets || to || site || of || injury || in || a || positive || feedback || process C. || Activated || serve || as || "procoagulants" || to || help || stimulate || the || coagulation || phase || (phase || 3)
- || Abnormally || low || levels || of || platelets || (thrombocytopenia) || reduces || both || the || effectiveness || of || platelet || plug || formation || and || hemostasis. Phase || 3 || - || Coagulation || - || ✔✔• || Coagulation/clot || formation || occurs || within || minutes || through || two || different || mechanisms || (extrinsic || vs || intrinsic) || which ||
ultimately || converge || during || the || final || stages || of || the || process || (common || pathway).
- || Both || extrinsic || and || intrinsic || pathways || along || with || the || common || pathway || are || multi-step || processes || which || involve || a || variety || of || serine || proteases || (clotting || factors). || These || clotting || factors || (13 || in || total) || sequentially || convert || inactive || proteases || to || active || proteases || which || ultimately || results || in || the || conversion || of || insoluble || fibrinogen || to || fibrin || (common || pathway). intrinsic || pathway || (contact || activation || pathway) || - || ✔✔∙ || Trigger: || damage || to || blood || vessel || walls ∙ || Effects: ||
- || Platelets || at || damaged || blood || vessels || (platelet || plug) || release || Factor || XII ||
- || Factor || XII || activates || Factor || XI || (inactive)
- || Activated || Factor || XI || activates || Factor || IX || (inactive) ||
- || Activated || Factor || IX || plus || + || Ca²⁺ || and || PF₃ || activates || Factor || VIII || (inactive) ||
- || Activated || Factor || VIII || activates || Factor || X extrinsic || pathway || (tissue || factor || pathway) || - || ✔✔• || Compared || to || the || intrinsic || pathway || it || is || simpler || and || faster || (takes || only || seconds || to || complete) ||
- || Trigger: || damage || tissue || (outside || of || blood || vessels)
- || Effects:
- || Tissue || factor || III || (TF )₃ || is || released || by || damaged || tissues ||
- || TF₃ || + || Ca²⁺ || + || Factor || VII || activate || Factor || X
Various || steps || for || regulating || the || extent || of || clot || formation: || - || ✔✔1. || Healthy || tissues || produce || tissue || plasminogen || activator(tPA)
- || tPA || converts || inactive || plasminogen || to || plasmin
- || Plasmin || degrades || insoluble || fibrin || leading || to || fibrinolysis. thrombus/embolus || blockages || - || ✔✔If || thrombus/embolus || blockages || occur || in || coronary || circulation || → || MI; || in || cerebral || vasculature || → || stroke Thrombus || - || ✔✔occlude || blood || flow; || blood || clot || that || forms || in || a || vein Embolus || - || ✔✔block || blood || flow; || anything || that || moves || through || the || blood || vessel || until || it || reaches || a || vessel || that || is || too || small || to || let || it || pass anemia || - || ✔✔•Anemias: || reduced || O₂-carrying || capacity.
- || Most || common || blood || disorder || in || the || US.
- || Multiple || causes || and || types.
- || Genetic || factors || (sickle || cell || anemia)
- || Dietary || factors
- || Deficiencies || in || vitamin || K, || iron, || B₁₂
- || Sex-related || differences: || severe || menstrual || flow/heavy || menstrual || bleeding || is || the || most || common || of || anemia || in || adult || pre- || menopausal || women. hemophilia || - || ✔✔• || Hemophilias || (bleeding || disorders) || - || caused || by || deficiencies || in || clotting || factors. || Two || most || common || forms || are || A || and || B.
- || Males || more || susceptible || (defects || are || X-linked || recessive || mutations)
- || Drugs || affect || clotting || (e.g. || aspirin) Location || and || Orientation || of || Heart || in || the || Thoracic || Cavity || - || ✔✔∙ || Lies || left || of || midline, || between || 2nd || rib || and || 5th || intercostal || space, || posterior || to || sternum, || in || the || pericardial || cavity || of || the || mediastinum || (the || region || between || the || two || pleural || cavities, || which || also || contains || the || great || vessels, || thymus, || esophagus || & || trachea) ∙ || Heart || in || thoracic || cage || within || pericardial || cavity epicardium || (thin, || outer || layer) || - || ✔✔Visceral || pericardium: || serous || membrane || with || loose || CT myocardium || (thickest, || middle || layer) || - || ✔✔Concentric || layers || of || cardiac || muscle || tissue || with || connective || tissue || attached || to || vessels || and || nerves endocardium || (thin, || inner || layer) || - || ✔✔∙ || Simple || squamous || epithelium || with || underlying || areolar || CT ∙ || Continuous || with || blood || vessel || endothelium the || 2 || atria || - || ✔✔• || Superior || chambers, || thin-walled
- || Each || has || an || expandable || flap || called || an || auricle || (atrial || appendage) the || 2 || ventricles || - || ✔✔• || Inferior || chambers, || thick-walled || ("pumping || chambers'')
- || Lined || with || muscular || ridges || (trabeculae || carneae) || - || see || internal || view
- || Left || ventricle || is || 3x || thicker || than || right; || generates || 5x || more || friction || than || right
- || Left || - || round || shape; || right. || - || crescent || shape
∙ || The || systemic || circuit || includes || the || left || side || of || the || heart || and || vessels || carrying || blood || to || the || rest || of || the || body || for || the || purpose || of || oxygenating || metabolically || active || tissues || while || simultaneously || draining || gaseous || waste. functional || (blood || flow) || and || visual || differences || between || arteries || and || veins || - || ✔✔∙ || arteries → || oxygenated → || away || from || heart → || red || in || illustrations ∙ || veins → || deoxygenated || → || toward || the || heart → || blue || in || illustrations → || veins || appear || blue || because || of || a || trick || that || light || plays || on || our || eyes || and || how || the || light || interacts || with || our || body || and || skin ∙ || In || reality, || neither || are || red || or || blue. || The || blood || that || passes || through || them || is || brighter || red || in || arteries || and || a || deeper || maroon || in || veins || because || of || the || difference || in || oxygen. || (remember || the || color || properties || of || blood) Pericardium || - || ✔✔• || The || serous || membrane || lines || the || pericardium || and || is || composed || of || the || visceral || and || parietal || pericardia.
- || Visceral || and || parietal || pericardia || produce || pericardial || fluid || (15 || - || 50 || ml) || which || lies || between || the || layers || (acts || as || a || lubricant || to || reduce || friction || during || contractions).
- || Pericardial || fluid || build-up || within || pericardial || sac → || the || more || fluid, || the || least || effective || for || blood || flow
- || in || order || from || outside || to || inside → || Fibrous || pericardium, || parietal || layer || of || serous || pericardium, || pericardial || cavity || (contains || serous || fluid), || visceral || layer || of || serous || pericardium || (epicardium) Atrioventricular || valves || - || ✔✔• || Connect || rt. || atrium || to || rt. || ventricle || (tricuspid) || and || lt. || atrium || to || lt. || ventricle || (bicuspid || or || mitral) •Permit || one-way || blood || flow: || atria || → || ventricles •Cusps || attached || to || chordae || tendineae || from || papillary || muscles || on || ventricle || wall papillary || muscles || - || ✔✔•prevent || cusps || from || swinging || into || atria; || during || ventricular || contraction || pressure || closes || valve •anchor || thin || strands || of || collagen || fibers || called || chordae || tendineae chordae || tendineae || - || ✔✔•also || called || tendinous || cords; || thin || strands || of || collagen || fiber; || attached || to || the || free || edge || of || the || right || AV || valve
those || at || the || bases || of || the || large || vessels || leaving || the || ventricles || are || called || semilunar || valves. ∙ || When || the || ventricles || contract, || atrioventricular || valves || close || to || prevent || blood || from || flowing || back || into || the || atria. || When || the || ventricles || relax, || semilunar || valves || close || to || prevent || blood || from || flowing || back || into || the || ventricles. Semilunar || valves || - || ✔✔•blood || flows || from || right || ventricle || from || the || pulmonary || semilunar || valve || to || the || pulmonary || trunk •pulmonary || and || aortic || semilunar || valves → || pulmonary || = || between || the || right || ventricle || and || pulmonary || trunk → || aortic || = || between || the || left || ventricle || and || the || aorta
- || prevent || back-flow || from || pulmonary || trunk || and || aorta || into || right || and || left || ventricles
- || have || no || chordae || tendineae || or || muscles Clinical || Implications: || Valvular || Heart || Disease || (VHD) || - || ✔✔• || If || valve || function || deteriorates || it || can || lead || to || leaky || valves || which || can || be || detected || as || heart || murmurs.
- || Can || be || caused || by: → || Valvular || stenosis || - || scarring || of || valves || leading || to || valves || becoming || rigid || (heart || has || to || work || harder || to || overcome || rigidity) → || Rheumatic || heart || disease || (rheumatic || fever) || - || childhood || reaction || to || streptococcal || infection Circulation || of || blood || through || the || heart || steps || - || ✔✔1. || Superior || vena || cava
- || Right || atrium
- || Tricuspid || valve || (right || AV || valve)
- || Right || ventricle
- || Pulmonary || semilunar || valve
- || Pulmonary || artery
- || Lungs
- || Left || atrium
- || Mitral || or || bicuspid || valve || (Left || AV || valve)
- || Left || ventricle
- || Aortic || semilunar || valve
- || Aorta
- || Rest || of || body Left || atrium || and || left || ventricle || flow || pathway || description || - || ✔✔Oxygen-rich || blood || enters || the || left || atrium || through || the || pulmonary || veins || and || is || then || pumped || into || the || left || ventricle || that || then || pumps || the || oxygenated || blood || out || to || the || rest || of || the || body || through || the || aorta. Right || atrium || and || right || ventricle || flow || pathway || description || - || ✔✔The || right || atrium || receives || deoxygenated || blood || from || throughout || the || body || through || the || superior || vena || cava || and || sends || it || into || the || right || ventricle. || Finally, || the || deoxygenated || blood || flows || to || the || right || ventricle || and || out || to || the || lungs || for || re- oxygenations || through || the || pulmonary || artery. Coronary || Circulation || - || ✔✔•Heart || is || <1% || body || mass || but || requires || a || constant || 5% || of || blood || circulation || (cardiac || output) || for || function
