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MCB || 246 || Exam || 2 || with || verified || detailed || solutions
passive || innate || immunity || - || ✔✔physical || barriers what || is || the || integumentary || system's || role || in || passive || innate || immunity || - || ✔✔the || epithelial || cells || that || have || direct || exposure || to || outside || world || have || integumentary || glands || that || secrete || anti || microbial || substances, || and || the || outside || layer || have || dead || skin || cells || which || protect || from || abrasive || forces what || is || included || in || the || active || innate || immunity || - || ✔✔cells, || interferons, || complement, || inflammatory || response, || fever what || are || the || different || types || of || phagocytes? || - || ✔✔monocytes, || macrophages, || neutrophils, || dendritic || cells, || and || mast || cells where || are || monocytes || located || - || ✔✔blood where || are || macrophages || located || - || ✔✔tissues what || do || macrophages || do || - || ✔✔engulf, || antigen || presenting || cells, || initiate || adaptive || immune || response what || do || neutrophils || do || - || ✔✔engulf, || produce || reactive || oxygen || containing || molecules || that || destroy || microbes
where || are || neutrophils || located || - || ✔✔lungs what || are || the || two || types || of || antigen-presenting || cells || (APCs) || - || ✔✔macrophage, || dendritic where || are || mast || cells || located || - || ✔✔connective || tissue, || mucosa, || internal || organs what || is || the || function || of || mast || and || basophils || - || ✔✔increase || blood || to || injured || tissue, || attract || immune || cells || (chemotactic), || release || histamine || (vasodilation), || heparin || (anticoagulant), || elcosanoids || (inflammation) what || are || pathogen-associated || molecular || patterns || (PAMPs) || - || ✔✔unique || structures || present || on || microbes || and || pathogens || (NOT || human || cells), || identified || as || a || foreign || substance || by || PRRs || (pattern || recognition || receptors) what || are || pattern || recognition || receptors || (PRRs) || - || ✔✔membrane || receptor || that || detect || PAMPs || (C3b || and || IgG) || that || can || be || intracellular, || extracellular, || or || secreted what || do || PAMPs || do || - || ✔✔act || as || a || marker || for || PRR || cells || to || recognize || the || cell || as || a || foreign || material what || do || PRRs || do || - || ✔✔trigger || innate || immune || response, || activate || complement || proteins || and || inflammatory || response, || secrete || interferons, || attract || cytokines || and || phagocytes
- || chemicals, ||
- || vasodilation || + || increased || permeability || 3. || margination || + || diapedesis || first, || chemicals || are || released || that || initiate || inflammatory || response, || then || vasodilation || + || increased || permeability, || margination || + || diapedesis || (leukocytes || / || neutrophils || go || through || blood || vessel || to || injury || site) what || are || the || affects || of || the || complex || inflammatory || response || - || ✔✔clotting || factors || are || released, || kinins || into || interstitial || fluid || (pain), || flushing || area || with || fluid || that || contains || substances || that || promote || healing || + || remove || pathogens what || is || a || fever || (pyrexia) || - || ✔✔abnormal || body || temperature || elevation || that || is || 1+ || C what || are || the || physiological || causes || of || fever || - || ✔✔pyrogens || released || from || immune || cells || + || infectious || agents || immune || cells || = || endogenous || infectious || agents || = || exogenous what || are || the || three || steps || of || a || fever || - || ✔✔onset, || stadium, || defervescence what || happens || during || the || onset || of || a || fever || - || ✔✔hypothalamus || increases || set || point || of || temp || due || to || pyrogens ||
leads || to || vasoconstriction, || increased || metabolism, || and || shivering what || happens || during || the || stadium || of || a || fever || - || ✔✔maintenance || of || elevated || temp what || happens || during || the || defervescence || of || a || fever || - || ✔✔lack || of || pyrogen || stimulation || leads || to || decrease || hypothalamic || temp || set || point sweating, || vasodilation, || body || temp || back || to || normal what || are || the || pros || of || a || fever || - || ✔✔inhibit || bacteria || and || virus || growth, || promote || interferon || activity, || adaptive || immune || response, || tissue || repair, || margination, || diapedesis what || is || margination || - || ✔✔accumulation || and || adhesion || of || leukocytes || to || the || epithelial || cells || of || blood || vessel || walls || at || the || site || of || injury || in || the || early || stages || of || inflammation. what || is || diapedesis || - || ✔✔Leukocyte || extravasation, || the || passage || of || cells || through || the || intact || vessel || wall) || is || the || movement || of || leukocytes || out || of || the || circulatory || system || and || towards || the || site || of || tissue || damage || or || infection. what || are || negative || effects || of || a || fever || - || ✔✔protein || denaturation, || hard || on || body, || can || lead || to || death || is || too || high
what || is || the || trigger || for || the || lectin || complement || pathway || - || ✔✔mannose || residues || on || pathogen || surface what || is || the || end || result || of || the || lectin || complement || pathway || - || ✔✔formation || of || MAC || (membrane || attack || complex) what || is || the || end || result || of || the || alternative || complement || pathway || - || ✔✔formation || of || MAC || (membrane || attack || complex) what || is || the || trigger || for || the || alternative || complement || pathway || - || ✔✔compliment || binds || directly || to || bacterial/fungal || cell || wall what || is || active || immunity || - || ✔✔production || of || memory || cells || due || to || contact || with || an || antigen what || is || passive || immunity || - || ✔✔no || production || of || memory || cells what || is || an || example || of || passive || immunity || - || ✔✔antibodies || from || another || person || or || animal what || is || natural || immunity || - || ✔✔direct || exposure || to || an || antigen what || is || an || example || of || active || natural || immunity || - || ✔✔direct || exposure || to || an || antigen || in || the || environment
what || is || an || example || of || passive || natural || immunity || - || ✔✔antibody || transfer || from || mother || to || child || across || placenta || or || from || breast || milk what || is || artificial || immunity || - || ✔✔antigen || exposure || from || indirect || means what || is || an || example || of || active || artificial || immunity || - || ✔✔vaccine what || is || an || example || of || passive || artificial || immunity || - || ✔✔transfer || of || serum || containing || antibodies what || are || antigen || presenting || cells || (APCs) || - || ✔✔phagocytic || cells || that || present || engulfed || antigen || to || other || cells what || are || the || five || examples || of || APCs || - || ✔✔free || or || fixed || macrophages, || kupffer || cells, || microglia, || dendritic || cells, || B || cells where || are || free || / || fixed || macrophages || located || - || ✔✔connective || tissue where || are || kupffer || cells || located || - || ✔✔liver where || are || microglia || cells || located || - || ✔✔CNS where || are || dendritic || cells || located || - || ✔✔lymph || nodes, || spleen, || etc
what || is || the || affect || of || cytotoxic || T || cell || activation || - || ✔✔Cytotoxic || T || cells || proliferate || and || differentiate || into || activated || cytotoxic || T || cell || and || memory || cytotoxic || T || cells what || is || the || role || of || an || activated || cytotoxic || T || cell || in || cell || mediated || immunity || - || ✔✔Activated || + || memory || cytotoxic || T || cells || migrate || to || infection Destroy || infected || cells || that || display || antigen || by || physically || contacting || with || cell || and || releasing || granules || (perforin), || forms || hole || in || cell, || granzymes || enter || hole, || apoptosis how || are || regulatory || T || cells || activated || (helper || and || suppressor || T || cells) || - || ✔✔CD4 || cell || in || direct || contact || with || MHC || II || molecule || (APC) || in || secondary || lymphatic || structures, || specific || TCR || site || of || T || cell || binds || to || antigen || peptide || fragment || + || is || stabilized || by || CD4 || marker what || do || helper || T || cells || do || in || cell || mediated || immunity || - || ✔✔secretes || IL || 2 || = || autostimulation proliferate || forming || clones || w/ || same || TCR Activated || helper || T || cells || => || produce || more || IL || 2 Memory || helper || T || cells || => || available || for || future || encounters
what || is || the || effector || response || of || CD4 || helper || T || cells || being || activated || in || cell || mediated || immunity || - || ✔✔Activated || memory || helper || T || cells || migrate || to || infection || site Release || cytokines || to || regulate || immune || cells, activate || B || cells, || cytotoxic || T || cells, || and || stimulate || innate || immune || system || cells what || is || the || function || of || memory || T || cells || in || cell || mediated || immunity || - || ✔✔Cytotoxic || and || helper || T || memory || cells || are || activated || when || re || exposed || to || specific || antigen || from || when || they || were || formed what || is || B || cell || mediated || immunity || - || ✔✔the || activation || of || B || cells what || is || the || first || signal || of || B || cell || mediated || immunity || - || ✔✔Antigen || binds || to || BCR, || cross || linking || 2 || BCRs Stimulated || B || cell || engulfs. || Processes, || and || presents || antigen || via || MHC || II || pathway || to || CD4 || cells || (helper || T || cell) || B || cell || activation || is || DEPENDENT || on || CD4/helper || T || cell what || is || the || second || signal || of || B || cell || mediated || immunity || - || ✔✔Activated || CD4 || cell || releases || IL || 4 Stimulates || B || cell what || is || the || B || cell || effector || response || in || cell || mediated || immunity || - || ✔✔Activated || B || cell || proliferates || and || differentiates
what || are || the || three || effects || of || binding || of || antigen || binding || site || of || an || antibody || to || an || antigen || - || ✔✔neutralization, || agglutination, || precipitation what || is || neutralization || of || an || antibody || - || ✔✔antibody || covers || biologically || active || portion || of || antigen what || is || agglutination || of || an || antibody || - || ✔✔antibody || cross || links || cells || forming || a || clump what || is || precipitation || of || an || antibody || - || ✔✔antibody || cross || links || circulating || particles || forming || an || insoluble || antigen || antibody || complex exposed || Fc || region || of || an || antibody || following || antigen || binding || promotes || - || ✔✔complement || fixation, || opsonization, || activation || of || NK || cells what || is || complement || fixation || by || antibodies || - || ✔✔Fc || region || of || antibody || binds || complement || proteins || which || activates || the || complement || pathway what || is || opsonization || by || antibodies || - || ✔✔Fc || region || of || antibody || binds || to || receptors || of || phagocytic || cells || which || trigger || phagocytosis how || do || antibodies || activate || NK || cells || - || ✔✔Fc || region || of || antibody || binds || to || an || NK || cell || which || triggers || release || of || cytotoxic || chemicals what || are || the || five || types || of || antibodies || / || Immunoglobulins || (Igs) || - || ✔✔Ig.. || A, || D, || E, || G, || M
what || is || the || function || of || IgG || - || ✔✔neutralize || viruses, || bacteria, || toxins, || agglutination, || precipitation, || complement || activation, || opsonization, || nk || cell || activation what || is || the || function || of || IgE || - || ✔✔neutralization, || agglutination, || complement || binding what || is || the || function || of || IgD || - || ✔✔neutralization, || agglutination what || is || the || function || of || IgM || - || ✔✔BRC || activation || (B || cell || receptor) what || is || the || function || of || IgA || - || ✔✔allergic || reaction, || parasite || infection, || activate || mast || cells || + || basophils what || is || the || location || of || IgG || - || ✔✔body || fluid what || is || the || location || of || IgE || - || ✔✔blood, || breast || milk what || is || the || location || of || IgD || - || ✔✔external || secretions || (mucus, || saliva, || tears) what || is || the || location || of || IgM || - || ✔✔B || lymphocyte || receptor what || is || the || location || of || IgA || - || ✔✔blood
which || tunica || layer || promotes || vasoconstriction || and || vasodilatation || - || ✔✔tunica || media compare || arteries || and || veins || - || ✔✔arteries || = || thicker, || tunica || media || this || thickest, || narrower || cross || section, || retain || shape || + || recoil || w/ || BP veins || = || thinner, || tunica || externa || is || thickest, || wider || cross || section, || no || recoil, || valves what || are || the || differences || of || SA || and || diameter || of || blood || vessels || from || the || heart || into || elastic || arteries, || muscular || arteries, || arterioles || and || finally || capillaries || and || then || as || it || returns || through || venules, || medium-sized || and || large-sized || veins || - || ✔✔SA || = || small, || large, || small diameter, || large, || small, || medium blood || flow || = || high, || low, || medium where || are || continuous || capillary || beds || located || - || ✔✔nervous || system, || fat, || muscle || tissue where || are || fenestrated || capillary || beds || located || - || ✔✔Small || intestine, || choroid || plexus || (CNS), || endocrine || organs, || kidneys where || are || sinusoidal || capillary || beds || located || - || ✔✔Liver, || spleen, || red || bone || marrow, || endocrine || organs
what || are || the || functions || of || continuous || capillary || beds || - || ✔✔diffusion || of || water, || small || solutes || (glucose, || aa, || ions), || lipid || soluble || materials blocks || formed || elements || + || plasma || proteins what || are || the || functions || of || fenestrated || capillary || beds || - || ✔✔water, || larger || solutes || between || plasma || + || interstitial || fluid, || plasma || proteins blocks || formed || elements what || are || the || functions || of || sinusoid || capillary || beds || - || ✔✔free || exchange || of || water, || large || plasma || proteins, || formed || elements || between || blood || + || interstitial || fluid where || is || most || blood || found || in || the || body || at || any || given || time || - || ✔✔systemic || circulation || = || 70% systemic || veins || = || 55% || = || blood || reservoir how || does || the || venous || system || serve || as || a || blood || reservoir || - || ✔✔blood || vessels || are || capacitance || vessels || = || able || to || stretch || + || accommodate || large || changes || in || blood || volume what || is || the || relationship || of || blood || flow || and || cross || sectional || area || - || ✔✔inverse || relationship arteries || = || fastest || flow || = || smallest || cross || sectional || area ||
what || is || the || function || of || precapillary || sphincters || - || ✔✔regulate || blood || flow || to || capillary || bed what || is || vasomotion || - || ✔✔alternating || cycling || of || precapillary || sphincters what || are || anastomoses || / || anastomosis || - || ✔✔alternative || pathways || for || blood || flow || that || either || connect || to || capillary || beds || or || pass || around || them || completely what || are || the || four || types || of || anastomoses || / || anastomosis || - || ✔✔arterial, || venous, || arteriovenous, || and || portal || system what || is || the || function || of || anastomoses || / || anastomosis || - || ✔✔Allow || 2+ || blood || vessels || to || join || together Usually || use || capillary || bed what || do || arterial || anastomoses || / || anastomosis || look || like || - || ✔✔bottom || right what || do || venous || anastomoses || / || anastomosis || look || like || - || ✔✔bottom || left what || is || an || arteriovenous || anastomosis || - || ✔✔completely || disregard || capillary || bed what || does || a || portal || system || do || - || ✔✔connects || two || capillary || beds
what || is || net || hydrostatic || pressure || (HP) || - || ✔✔difference || between || the || capillary || / || blood || hydrostatic || pressure || (HPb) || and || the || interstitial || fluid || hydrostatic || pressure || (HPif) what || is || the || function || of || net || hydrostatic || pressure || (HP) || - || ✔✔Pushes || water || + || solutes || OUT || of || capillaries || and || INTO || interstitial || fluid what || is || osmotic || pressure || (OP) || - || ✔✔Water || moving || down || its || concentration || gradient Important || in || reabsorption || through || capillaries what || is || net || blood || colloid || osmotic || pressure || (COP) || - || ✔✔Difference || between || the || blood || colloid || osmotic || pressure || COPb || and || the || interstitial || fluid || colloid || osmotic || pressure || (COPif) what || is || the || function || of || net || blood || colloid || osmotic || pressure || (COP) || - || ✔✔Pulls || water || + || solutes || INTO || the || capillary || and || OUT || of || the || interstitial || fluid what || is || the || net || filtration || pressure || (NFP) || - || ✔✔Difference || between || Net || Hydrostatic || pressure || and || the || Net || Colloid || Osmotic || Pressure NEP || = || Net || HP || - || Net || COP || NFP || = || (HPb || - || HPif) || - || (COPb || - || COPif)
