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Memory and Cognition Exam #2, Exams of Human Memory

University of KentHuman Memory

A list of questions and answers related to memory and cognition. It covers topics such as traditional interviews in eyewitness memory, capacity for LTM, Misinformation Effect, Loftus and Palmer study, amnesia, explicit and implicit recall tests, transfer appropriate processing, eidetic imagery, false memories, semantic memory models, and schemas. The document also includes studies conducted on these topics and their results. The document can be useful for students studying psychology or cognitive science.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 02/08/2024

EmmaMoss
EmmaMoss 🇬🇧

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Memory and Cognition Exam #2
1. What are traditional interviews in eyewitness memory?
Questions asked in order
closed ended questions
2. What is the capacity for LTM
unlimited
3. What is the modern revision/ cog. interview in eyewitness memory?
Reinstate Context
Open ended question
4. What is the Misinformation (MI) Effect?
incorrectly remembering info that was not part of original experience
5. Describe the Loftus and Palmer (1974) study
presented participants slides of automobile accidents, then proceeded to ask for
details about this accident changing the adjective used ( the cars smashed,
bumped, contacted, hit, etc.) Then asked if they saw any broken glass.
6. What were the results of the Loftus and Palmer (1974) study?
The faster they said they were going, the more often the participant said there
was broken glass (there was no broken glass).
Leading questions influence memories
7. Describe the Loftus, Miller, and Burns (1978) study
Participants were showed photos of either a stop sign or a yield sign with a car,
then were asked "did another car pass the red datsun while it was stopped at the
yield sign?"
8. What was the result of the Loftus, Miller, and Burns (1978) study?
Post-event questions influence original memory (retroactive)
9. What are eyewitness event conclusions?
memory for witnessed events is malleable
10.What are source errors?
You forget where you got the information ("I cannot remember who told me XYZ,
but here is the story")
11.What is implicit memory?
memory without awareness
12.What is priming in implicit memory?
prior info facilitates later performance
13.what is critical about implicit memory?
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  1. What are traditional interviews in eyewitness memory? Questions asked in order closed ended questions
  2. What is the capacity for LTM unlimited
  3. What is the modern revision/ cog. interview in eyewitness memory? Reinstate Context Open ended question
  4. What is the Misinformation (MI) Effect? incorrectly remembering info that was not part of original experience
  5. Describe the Loftus and Palmer (1974) study presented participants slides of automobile accidents, then proceeded to ask for details about this accident changing the adjective used ( the cars smashed, bumped, contacted, hit, etc.) Then asked if they saw any broken glass.
  6. What were the results of the Loftus and Palmer (1974) study? The faster they said they were going, the more often the participant said there was broken glass (there was no broken glass). Leading questions influence memories
  7. Describe the Loftus, Miller, and Burns (1978) study Participants were showed photos of either a stop sign or a yield sign with a car, then were asked "did another car pass the red datsun while it was stopped at the yield sign?"
  8. What was the result of the Loftus, Miller, and Burns (1978) study? Post-event questions influence original memory (retroactive)
  9. What are eyewitness event conclusions? memory for witnessed events is malleable
  10. What are source errors? You forget where you got the information ("I cannot remember who told me XYZ, but here is the story")
  11. What is implicit memory? memory without awareness
  12. What is priming in implicit memory? prior info facilitates later performance
  13. what is critical about implicit memory?

Subjects don't consciously try to remember

  1. What is amnesia? what are the new types? absence of memory. Retrograde and Anterograde
  2. What is retrograde amnesia? forget events before brain injury (cannot tell you anything about the past but can learn new information)
  3. What is anterograde amnesia? forget events after brain injury (remember everything from the past but lack the ability to learn new information)
  4. what is Warrington and Weiskrantz's (1970) experiment? subjects were asked to study a word list and asked to remember them. Experimenter altered whether it was explicit (free recall "repeat the words to me") or implicit (word stem completion) memory. Two of each type of test were provided.
  5. What are two examples of explicit recall tests? free recall recognition
  6. what are two examples of implicit recall tests? word stem completion fill in the letter words (Un_ver_ity)
  7. What are the findings of Warrington and Weiskrantz (1970) Anterograde amnesia patients and control group had similar results in implicit tests but the control was better on the explicit tests
  8. What is the generation effect? generating material yourself, rather than passively receiving it, enhances learning and retention
  9. What is the study of Slamecka and Graf (1978) Asking subjects to generate opposite words or synonymous words to a given term and providing one letter or the term they are looking for.
  10. What is the study of Jacoby (1983)? testing how you recall a term (by reading out of context, in context, or just generating an answer)
  11. What are the explicit test results of Jacoby's (1983) study? on the explicit recognition task, those who generated the information did better than those who had no context or with context.

deep, semantic processing yields best memory

  1. What is an incidental test? a surprise test (pop quiz)
  2. What is an intentional test? You know that it is coming (final exams)
  3. What is Hyde and Jenkins (1969) study? testing the difference intentional and incidental encoding using 24 hours
  4. What are the results of Hyde and Jenkins (1969) study? LOP is just as effective in both intentional studying and incidental studying.
  5. What provided the best memory (independent of intention?) Deep LOP
  6. What are the challenges to LOP Circularity Defining levels Ignores retrieval
  7. What is the encoding specificity principle (ESP)? effectiveness of a retrieval cue depends on how well it relates to encoding (best memory for MATCH between encoding and retrieval)
  8. what is the Morris, Bransford, and Franks (1977) study? asking for a subject for standard recognition and rhyme recognition
  9. What are the encoding/retrieval interactions? On shallow LOP test, shallow LOP is better than deep LOP and so on.
  10. what is context-dependent memory? study and take test in same classroom mood altered states **at retrieval, context may provide cue
  11. What is the Godden and Baddeley (1974) study? subjects studied unrelated word lists under water or on land and then was tested either in that same environment or in the opposite
  12. What are the results of the Godden and Baddeley (1974) study? when study and testing environments match, there is better retrieval
  1. what is transfer appropriate processing (TAP)? retrieval is fixed - effort at encoding to anticipate retrieval
  2. What is Eidetic imagery? Is it actually a thing? "Photographic memory" and based on findings, it does not exist or it is EXTREMELY rare
  3. What is the Stromeyer and Psotka (1970) study? Eidetic study - "random dot stereogram" - gave people random dots and "take a mental photo" of one dot stereogram and then of another one, then put them together mentally and tell them the number you see when you superimpose them together.
  4. What was Shepard's (1967) study? Gave subjects 600 things to remember (photos or words) and asked them to remember them.
  5. What was Shepard's (1967) results? Pictures are much easier to remember than words (0.99 for photos and 0.88 for words recall)
  6. Paivio's Dual Coding Theory states that both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information and create better recall
  7. Paivio's Study and results: presenting subjects with visual words vs non visual words without them knowing and asked them to recall it. The results ended up being that more recall occurred on the visual word pairs.
  8. What are the limitations to imagery? Details and Reality Monitoring
  9. In memory for details, what do we generally lose once we gain a verbal code? Details
  10. What are False Memories? remembering an event differently than it occurred OR remembering an event that never occurred
  11. What are recovered memories? Remembering something that was repressed/forgotten
  12. Are recovered memories always accurate? No. False memory syndrome and false memory syndrome foundation
  1. What is stage one of the Smith's Feature comparison model? Very fast response to a question
  2. What is stage two of the smiths feature comparison model? takes more thought (asking if a robin is a bird versus a bat)
  3. Which network is the most accurate in regards to semantic memory? the spreading activation network
  4. What is the spreading activation network? Structure: relatedness Length of links represents relatedness number of links is important
  5. Describe the fan effect increasing the number of links to a concept increases the time to verify one of the links
  6. Meyer and Schvaneveldt (1971) concluded what from their study? That related terms had a faster reaction time from the subject determining if they were words or not.
  7. What is a Schema? Stored body of knowledge
  8. Why are schemas reliable? Because we can use them in our daily life
  9. What is a subtype of a schema? script: schema for sequence
  10. define amodal perception the perception of the whole of a physical structure when only parts of it affect the sensory receptors.
  11. What is autobiographical memory? personal memories more people choose important events from their early 20s (autobiographical memory bump)