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This lecture was delivered by Mr. Gurpreet Verma at Cochin University of Science and Technology for Assembly Language Programming course. It includes: Components, Computer, Locality, SRAM, DRAM, Memory, Memory, Hierarchy, Parallelism, Locality, Processor
Typology: Slides
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
The Five Classic Components of a Computer
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Today’s Topics:
Control Datapath
Memory
Processor
Input Output
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
Year
Size
Cycle Time
64 Kb
250 ns
256 Kb
220 ns
1 Mb
190 ns
4 Mb
165 ns
16 Mb
145 ns
64 Mb
120 ns
Capacity
Speed
(latency) Logic:
in 3 years
in 3 years
in 3 years
in 10 years
Disk:
in 3 years
in 10 years
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
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Control
Datapath
Secondary
Storage(Disk)
Processor
Registers
Main Memory(DRAM)
SecondLevelCache(SRAM)
On-Chip Cache
TertiaryStorage(Tape)
ThirdLevelCache (SRAM)
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
Temporal Locality (Locality in Time):
Keep most recently accessed data items closer to the processor
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Spatial Locality (Locality in Space):
Move blocks consisting of contiguous words to the upper levels
Lower Level
Memory
Upper Level
Memory
To Processor
From Processor
Blk X
Blk Y
Address Space
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Probabilityof reference
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
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N
M
Cache Index
0 1 2 3
Cache Data
Byte 0
0
4
31
Cache Tag
Example: 0x
Ex: 0x
Stored as partof the cache “state”0x
Valid Bit
31
Byte 1
Byte 31
Byte 32
Byte 33
Byte 63
Byte 992
Byte 1023
Cache Tag
Byte Select
Ex: 0x
9
Block address
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
The term comes from the way data is accessed in this memory, and symbolizes the
possibility to access any part of the memory at any given time. The contrarywould be sequential memory, which mostly has a meaning in tape backupsituations. Early computers also used drum memory, which was sequential (kindof). All computer memory modules used in computers today are of the RAM type. This
type of memory can be subdivided into two main groups:
memory modules the DRAM will hold it's information. The content of DRAMmemory disappears from the memory within milliseconds, so in order to maintainit's data it has to be refreshed periodically. This makes the DRAM memory muchslower than the SRAM. The computer memory you usually see are a form of DRAM, like SDRAM, and
DDR-SDRAM. Because SRAM doesn't have to be refreshed it is much faster thanDRAM and also much more expensive. The speed advantage of SRAM means that it is used in the computers cache
memory, which is a small amount of high speed SRAM memory mounted close toor on the processor itself.
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
Short for
Synchronous DRAM,
a type of DRAM that can run at much higher
clock speeds than conventional memory. SDRAM actually synchronizesitself with the CPU's bus and is capable of running at 133 MHz, DDR (Double Data Rate) is a technology used in some SDRAM memories to
increase the speed at which data can be written/retrieved from the memory.
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DDR increase the transfer rate by sending/receiving memory data twice perclock cycle. This give a theoretical multiplication of transfer speed by two. DDR2-SDRAM maintains the same core functions, transferring 64 bits of data twice
every clock cycle for an effective transfer rate twice that of the front-side bus (FSB)of a computer system, and an effective bandwidth equal to its speed x 8.
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
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6
row select
bit
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
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Chapter 7.1 - Memory
Something New: Structure ofTunneling Magnetic Junction
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Tunneling Magnetic Junction RAM (TMJ-RAM)
Speed of SRAM, density of DRAM, non-volatile (no refresh) - “Spintronics”: combination quantum spin and electronics - Same technology used in high-density disk-drives
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