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Islam
-"submission" to God's will; those who do are "Muslim" the religion articulated by the Qur-an, a book considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of the single incomparable God (Allah). -Muslims must follow the 5 Pillars of Faith -they must live in peace in harmony with God, themselves, and others TERM 2
Mecca
DEFINITION 2 -the holiest meeting site of the Islamic religion -Muhammad born here - center of pilgrimmage; people living there made money by providing food and housing for people and their animals on a pilgrimmage -conquered by Medina in 630 AD - location of Kaaba (Ka'ab)-->famous sanctuary where pagan Arab tribes enshrined gods. TERM 3
Khadija (555-619)
DEFINITION 3 (555 CE - 619 CE) first wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. -entrepreneur and widow -recognized husband as divinely chosen reformer of individual and communal life TERM 4
Kaaba (Ka'ab)
DEFINITION 4 -literally means the cube in Arabic -outside of the Grand Mosque in Mecca -a unifying place for Islamic worship -most sacred place in Islamic religion. -built and re-built by prophets TERM 5
Damascus
DEFINITION 5 -located in Syria; Caravans moved through here to Mecca - Mohammad went there numerous time when camel driver - Mu'awiya moves capitol here
Mount Hira
-(610 AD)location of where Mohammed received his first revelations from the God (Allah) through the Archangel, Gabriel. -urged by family and wife Khadija to go here to fast and pray TERM 7
Archangel Gabriel
DEFINITION 7 -arrived at Mount Hira in 610 to inform Mohammad the Prophet to return to Mecca and preach the will of Allah. TERM 8
Allah
DEFINITION 8 -God of Islam; Mohammad is his one true prophet who speaks Allah's will through the Qur'an. -deteremines the life of people on Judgement Day TERM 9
Medina
DEFINITION 9 -(630 AD)- conquers Mecca and creates a theocracy -a center for Ulama ("persons of right knowledge") activity -the basic Muslim practices began taking place here -abstention from alcohol and pork, improved treatment of women, fair inheritence divisions, honesty in public and personal affairs. TERM 10
Wine without a headache
DEFINITION 10 the wine presented in Heaven if you submit to Islam and it does not give people headaches unlike the wine on Earth; wine is forbidden to be drunk any way while a person's life on Earth.
Ulema
Ulema ("scholar") refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several fields of Islamic studies. -started off as "Comanions" of the Prophet during the reign of the first 4 caliphs -defined the understanding for the divine Law--> Shar'ia -became an elite upper class TERM 17
Shahada
DEFINITION 17 "no god by god" -Allah is the only God and Mohammad is only his prophet and nothing more. -"witnessing" or testifying to Muslim creed TERM 18
Salat
DEFINITION 18 Ritual prayer - 5 calls of prayer (sunrise, noon, mid- afternoon, sunset, nightfall) - Can pray anywhere as long as facing Mecca (Mihrab) - Form = symbolizing submission, surrender to god TERM 19
Zakat
DEFINITION 19 Contribution to the needy (alms giving) - Serves to level the wealth of the community - Minimize economic inequality - Binds Muslims to each other - apart of a greater community of faith; interconnected TERM 20
Hajj
DEFINITION 20 Pilgrimage to Mecca - Every Muslim is expected to complete the Hagg once in their life time - Approach Mecca stripped of all external mention of distinction by wearing two white cloths --> All Muslims = one, equality - people can live and thrive together
Siyam
-month long fasting called the Ramadan -no eating or drinking or sex during daylight hours -abstaining from pork and wine always TERM 22
Imam
DEFINITION 22 is an Islamic leadership position, often the leader of a mosque and the community. Prayer leader -means "leader" - Ali was said to be by the Shi'a, the true imam or the one appointed to success the Prophet himself. TERM 23
Fatimah (c. 661-680)
DEFINITION 23 -Mohammad's daughter and Ali's mother TERM 24
Shiite
DEFINITION 24 -created after the assassination of Ali in 661 -Ali and his descendents were the only true caliphs; Ali was true imam -must literally follow the Qur'an -religious and secular matters should be in ONE hand -kept togetehr by loyalty to the bloodline of Ali and his mother Fatima -principle of exclusion: only include those who believe what you believe. -(969): Fatmids set up Shi'ite rule and claimedto be only true caliphate TERM 25
Sunni
DEFINITION 25 -largest branch of Islam -Qur'an must be interpreted by census; by how all good Muslims do over time -Caliph only deals with secular matters-->seperation of church and state. considered absolute temporal ruler -the umma is a theocratic state -principle of inclusion: all that believe the God was Allah and Mohammad was his prophet were accepted. Only God could critique the heart.
Umar (634-644)
-second caliph under Umayyad Dynasty -strong jurist and was known to give equal justice to Muslims and non-Muslims -spread the state over much of Eastern Roman Empire - organized the army register according to tribal precedence in conversion to or fighting for Islam. TERM 32
Ali ibn Abi Tabid (c.600-r.656-661)
DEFINITION 32 -(r.656-661):third caliph under Umayyad Dynasty -Radical group, the Kharijites, said he compromised the principles of the Qur'an and the Prophet. -murdered in 661 by a Kharijite - the Shiites said he and his descendents were the true successors of the Prophet; Ali was the true imam. TERM 33
earlier prophets of Islam
DEFINITION 33 -Jeremiah, Jesus of Nazareth, Moses TERM 34
Umma
DEFINITION 34 "extending the abode of submission" -the Muslim society; those who sumbit to Allah TERM 35
Caliph al-Mansur
DEFINITION 35 -moved capitol of Damascuz to Baghdad -second Abbasid caliph (r.754-775) -wanted to only have secular rule and nothing to do with Qur'an; causes shiite community to expand
Arabic numbering system
-includes concepts of place values and the number zero. allowed replacement of counting boards with "pen- reckoning" -introduced by Abu Jafar Mohammad ibn-Musa al Khwarizmi in his book "Hisab al-jabr w'al mugabalah" TERM 37
Abu Jafar Mohammad
DEFINITION 37 -introduced arabic numbering system (algebra) -place values and the number zero -wrote "Hisab al-jabr w'al mugabalah" - later translated by Robert of Chester
