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Northern Humanism
philosophy interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward
classical antiquity, individualism, and humanism in terms of their
own traditions and integrating modern philosophy with that of the
medieval period. They translated classics, brought them out to the
printing press, focused on Christian Ethics, early Christianity, Holy
Scriptures, writings of church fathers Augustine, Ambrose, and
Jerome, mastered Greek for the reading of the Greek New
Testament, some mastered Hebrew. Humanists had the chance to
work as secretaries to kings, princes, and cities
TERM 2
Erasmus
DEFINITION 2
1466-1536Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading
Renaissance scholar of northern Europe and considered the father
of Humanism. He wrote Adages and The Handbook of the Christian
Knight, Praise of FollyThree blessings of humanity- true Christian
piety, learning of the best sort, public and lasting concord of
ChristendomChristianity should be part of daily life, not only
practices and traditionsPublished Latin Translation of New
Testament
TERM 3
Praise of Folly
DEFINITION 3
1509Calls out on church abuse, abuse within clergy rank, and
satirical view
TERM 4
Thomas More
DEFINITION 4
1478-1535He was a English humanist that contributed to the
world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote
Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of
society. He was a devoted man, took hours for prayer and
private devotions. he wrote Latin and Greek proseserved
Henry VIII
TERM 5
Utopia
DEFINITION 5
1516A work that presents a revolutionary view of society and
describes an ideal socialistic community on an island somewhere
off the mainland of the New World. He created the name utopia as
a good place which is no place. It reflected preoccupation with
economic, social, and political problems; cooperation and reason
over power and fame People worked 9 hours and were rewarded.
Communal ownership over private property. Spend time doing
peasant activities
Martin Luther
1483-?a German monk who became one of the most famous critics
of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or
statements of belief attacking the church practices. Believed in
justification through faith alone. Believed in 2 sacraments- baptism
and last supper. Believed spirit was present in bread and wine. Did
not believe in social revolution
TERM 7
Indulgences
DEFINITION 7
The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted
by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act.
Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is
often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation.
Reduced time in purgatory. Cost 3 marks, or 1/2 a year's
salary.
TERM 8
95 Theses
DEFINITION 8
Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the chuch door at
Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church.
This act began the Reformation. It calls out the pope's
abusive selling of indulgences. Were a reaction to Johann
Tetzel.
TERM 9
Diet of Worms
DEFINITION 9
This was when Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and Pope
Leo X, called upon Luther to recant. He refused, saying that
unless they could prove him wrong using scripture, he could
not, because "it is neither safe nor right to go against
conscience."
TERM 10
Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of
Peasants
DEFINITION 10
When German peasants used Luther's ideas of challenging
authority as reason to revolt against local rule, Luther wrote
this. It was an angry repossession of his words, which they
had twisted (in his view) for their own purposed.
Anabaptists
A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization. This was a derogatory term used by both Catholics and Protestants to label anyone who wasn't one of them, and was therefore a threat to their beliefs. They said that baptism was for adults, since infants cannot truly be believers. Both Catholics and Protestants believed that if a person died before baptism, they could not go to Heaven, and since children and infants commonly died, waiting until adulthood for baptism seemed very unwise. Some of these people went as far as to say that true believers did not have to obey civil authority, and ignored taxes and military obligations. A few believed in community of property. Others followed Old Testament passages that suggested polygamy and promiscuity. Thus, these people were persecuted by Protestants and Catholics, but continued to attract followers through sincere suffering and many reasonable ideas, and eventually settled on the Eastern fringe of the HRE. Hated by Lutherans and Catholics TERM 17
Henry VII of England
DEFINITION 17
(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; first Tudor king, his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532. This king of England founded the Anglican Church and split from the Roman Catholic Church. He did so for personal and political reasons: both to gain the money and power the Church was taking from him (in taxes, tax exemptions, etc) and so that he could divorce his first wife. Because he had six wives and two of his daughters became queens of England (Elizabeth I and Mary Tudor), there has been a lot of historical focus on his personal life. he was against Luther. Opposed by Thomas More. Had a bunch of wives. TERM 18
Defense of the Seven
Sacraments
DEFINITION 18
Treaty written by Henry, "defender of faith"A book written by
King Henry III of England, criticizing Luther's views on the
Catholic Church. This was written in a time of heightened
power of the Catholic Church in England; kings had the power
to appoint bishops.
TERM 19
Cardinal Wolsey
DEFINITION 19
Henry wanted him to get an annulment (treats marriage as If
it never happened) from Pope Clement VIICardinal highest
ranking church offical and lord chancellor. DIsmissed by
Henry VIII for not getting the Pope to annul his marriage to
Catherine of Aragon. (1471-1530)
TERM 20
Act of Supremacy
DEFINITION 20
(1534) proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the
Church of England, which meant that the pope was no longer
recognized as having any authority within the country, and all
matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and
maintenance of ecclesiastical properties were in the hands of
the king.
Act of Treason
Made it punishable by death to deny that the king was the
supreme head of the church.
TERM 22
Edward VI and Bloody Mary
DEFINITION 22
(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer. 1553-1558 The only surviving daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, his first wife. When she succeeded Henry, she abolished Protestantism in England, and re-established Papal control. Tried to restore Roman Catholicism. Several bishops were burned for heresy, but the confiscated Catholic lands could not be returned to the Church without a serious fight from the nobility they had been given to, and were thus left alone. Killed/burned 300 protestants.The Protestants who fled were called the Marian exiles, and went to reformed communities like Geneva. When Elizabeth I took the throne, they returned to assist in the 2nd Reformation of England. TERM 23
John
Calvin
DEFINITION 23
(1509-1564)This French theologian was the leading French Protestant Reformer and very important to the second generation of the Christian Reformation. He deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America. The Calvinist form of Protestantism is has had a great impact on the development of the modern world, and included the Hugeunots. One thing he specifically believed was that God knows before a person is born whether they are going to heaven or hellSwiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism. believed in baptism and last supper, church discipline. Replaced Lutheranism by mid 16th century. TERM 24
Institutes of the Christian Religion
DEFINITION 24
John Calvin's major work that established the theology and
doctrine of the Calvinist churches; first published in 1536 it
covered topics such as church doctrines, justification by
faith. It marked Calvin as a leader and emphasized the
"power, grace, and glory of God"
TERM 25
Predestination
DEFINITION 25
This was a traditional doctrine that said that God has already
chosen who will be saved and who is damned. John Calvin's belief
said that those who are already chosen for salvation must lead,
and those who are damned must also be governed. This put a
special emphasis on discipline when Calvin lead the reformation in
Geneva. 3 tests for possible salvation: open profession of faith, a
decent and godly life, and participation in baptism and communion
sacraments. The elect/ the reprobate
Council of Trent
(1545-1563) a council of three sessions, spread out over eighteen years, with long interruptions due to war, plague and imperial and papal politics. First called by Pope Paul III to reassert church doctrine due to insists by Emperor Charles V and the growing success of the Protestant Reformation. Steps were taken to curtail the selling of church offices and other religious goods. Many bishops who resided in Rome were forced to move to their diocese. Strengthened the authority of local bishops. New rules made that required bishops to preach regularly, be neatly dressed, better educated and active among their parishioiners. However, this council reaffirmed the traditional Scholastic education of the clergy (transubstantiation, good works, etc.)
