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NASM-CPT (7TH EDITION) CHAPTER 7
STUDY GUIDE
Human Movement System (HMS) - ANSWER The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems. Kinetic Chain - ANSWER A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement. Regional Interdependence Model - ANSWER The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body. Biomechanics - ANSWER The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces. Kinesiology - ANSWER Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology. Anatomic Position - ANSWER The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms forward. It is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. Multiplanar - ANSWER Movement patterns that take the body through motions in more than one plane. Saggital Plane - ANSWER An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves. Flexion - ANSWER A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases. Extension - ANSWER A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases. Hyperextension - ANSWER Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion. Dorsiflexion - ANSWER Flexion occurring at the ankle. Plantar Flexion - ANSWER Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards. Frontal Plane - ANSWER An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Movement in the frontal plane includes abduction, adduction, and side-to- side motions.
Abduction - ANSWER A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body. Adduction - ANSWER Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body. Lateral Flexion - ANSWER Bending of the spine from side to side. Eversion - ANSWER A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward. Inversion - ANSWER A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward. Transverse Plane - ANSWER An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves. Internal Rotation - ANSWER Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body. External Rotation - ANSWER Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body. Horizontal Abduction - ANSWER Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position. Horizontal Adduction - ANSWER Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position. Radioulnar Pronation - ANSWER Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position. Radioulnar Supination - ANSWER Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position. Pronation Of The Foot - ANSWER Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction. Supination Of The Foot - ANSWER Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production. Gait - ANSWER Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting.
Concentric Muscle Action - ANSWER A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle. (positive, lifting against gravity, acceleration, producing force) Core - ANSWER The structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint. Muscle Action Spectrum - ANSWER The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement. Agonists - ANSWER The primary muscles providing force for a movement. Synergists - ANSWER Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement. Stabilizers - ANSWER Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves. Feed Forward Activation - ANSWER When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement. Antagonists - ANSWER Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles. Medial - ANSWER Relatively closer to the midline. Lateral - ANSWER Relatively farther away from the midline ortoward the outside of the body. Contralateral - ANSWER Positioned on the opposite side of the body. Ipsilateral - ANSWER Positioned on the same side of the body. Anterior - ANSWER Positioned on or toward the front of the body. Posterior - ANSWER Positioned on or toward the back of the body. Proximal - ANSWER Positioned nearest to the center of the body or other identified reference point. Distal - ANSWER Positioned farthest from the center of the body or other identified reference point. Inferior - ANSWER Positioned below an identified reference point. Superior - ANSWER Positioned above an identified reference point.
Closed Chain Movement - ANSWER Distal segments, such as a person's hands or feet, are fixed and remain in contact with a stationary surface, and often require the movement of multiple joints in a predictable manner with the contraction of multiple muscle groups. Open Chain Movement - ANSWER Distal segments (hands and feet) are not fixed, and they are free to move in space, they have independent joint movement of only the segments distal to the moving joint itself. While not required, a majority of open-chain activities are nonweight-bearing. Force - ANSWER An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object. Length Tension Relationship - ANSWER The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length. Resting Length - ANSWER The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched. Actin - ANSWER The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction. Myosin - ANSWER The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction. Sarcomere - ANSWER The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines. Muscle Balance - ANSWER When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length- tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position. Altered Length Tension Relationship - ANSWER When a muscle's resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce. Reciprocal Inhibition - ANSWER When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen. Altered Reciprocal Inhibition - ANSWER Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist. Muscle Imbalance - ANSWER When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships. Neutral Position - ANSWER The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion.
Lateral Subsystem (LS) - ANSWER Muscular system that is made up of the lateral hip (gluteus medius) and medial thigh muscles (adductors) and the contralateral quadratus lumborum, all of which provide movement in the frontal plane. Rotary Motion - ANSWER Movement of the bones around the joints. Torque - ANSWER A force that produces rotation; common unit of measurement is the Newton meter (Nm). Motor Behavior - ANSWER Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli. Motor Control - ANSWER How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response. Motor Learning - ANSWER Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior. Motor Development - ANSWER Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span. Muscle Synergies - ANSWER Groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement. Mechanoreceptors - ANSWER Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves. (golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, and joint receptors) Proprioception - ANSWER The body's ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts. Sensorimotor Integration - ANSWER Cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement. Feedback - ANSWER Use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning. Internal Feedback - ANSWER Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment. External Feedback - ANSWER Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.
Neuromuscular Efficiency - ANSWER The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body's structure in all three planes of motion.
