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-\ SEMICONDUCTOR | a nt —_ “These... are. the. solids whose echicod ” conduchyi} + “Pes 1. bh very high. tanduckivily . of ——meballs..g.. a 2 .tonduet on Wihy ob insulator . They... are. characterised... oO. avio.0y" i ener Jeb. (E35 fev) bf Vakance Band 8. ta hand i . _ The__elements _tohich.. heave... “ heur a Mi “voManciad¢ "A pure “Semiconatuctry rs. we stim. an imbuilg) is called Ls. ae e5- bure. Ge, ete Hhety | ook conduct vik - aie ee Dy “merease_ - i temp. at aloso uy te. Bera "temp Be beheves tite. | I i oe i eo. | a eevee pnnderens pene ent os ane insulator . ie a | Cuneant conclucHion to Int, Semy 2 Se pees eee cee ee : In : Irbyinsic Semi. — @acd, $j atom . “shared with she es rem four _ - ok GN> _Nesghbounnp Si - atom . and Comb Rete ih ° oetale © heames efechithi cally ore aval QohPe for Carn © Po oo © Innert, No. free es eutrent conduction \ 1 \ ' | ih demb Increase = Some covalent hon ote sabe “charge _ Carviers are aveilabQe ter _ current gig An. extern o2 Becht. dete Q a - _tuerrenk _ePechons in OR, ws . Scanned by CamScanner Gy Extrinsic Semiconductor . SF .a__SmoQl Genount_ fo Some _bentavelant. (93 ike - Assy Bi sh P eke) oy te vaRont _ [Dife, ALB, fh. ha Pay : | he introduce ol tate. pu re___Semi_condtrater.... ‘th | eonducAviky Increases... Such imbure sem cond. are re called extynsic. Semi, ae et The braces af _inbenduede: ge He. -lrpura by 2 -—fS_lenosan 4S abba These_.are._also_ 6h tera. types 2 t : i ‘ = @ | N-Type _&xt. “Sem Conducey ', Vmbure _ _Serel conductey _ ro pentavelcot..ahone As. 1 (sb, Be B ete) are Ne ie fem conducher. . nelectee a, ec i hdhen “we introduce _ “Come nna a ! | bentavralant De 6-855. = 20 : that one ADecknm or —————- Can nok shored wily amy Chechen oft “ ery She Be | _ becomes free shich |5 Qlled Denar electen ~ The onan es gees ty Cond u chien Devel : BE Semiconducky at a very SmeQQ amount & —Sneergp 2 Shieh produce tumrent om abby inp externs ebeahic field | ace a) =< Sani ene OEP ea sentconcticcher | : Inoforere Semicond. _ , uy Piv@ant ahem} oT tte Rt B steele) are Pty pe. son “J Scanned by CamScanner + form 7 solid , vanous Interaction ... oecuy. -ameng-.. her prow L Qhms.. As a result higher. Levels, are more afjected.. re. : a he energy Levels of. ye guter shell are SDight dy. ‘oeved a} without violating. Paudi’s exclusion. brinciple......therefore ea ch. | ———_— |cuterRevel. (Valance) al Bi. Concuching \ ul 02 .. be. —Spdit bag. tnt. etre. Large. 0, of vextreemby... cRosecl. Levelform energy band. NOB ° “Bp - —fanduction,. fevel CEmph) — : a es Valence” er tert) 2 aE Heth Exbiaden Sf cere . 2p __ GereQ pe ey 2s: setae . 0 a: 1 knee yy, deve sseQebed Me abr nergy Bend of Nae Ws BBL = 1S ast aph ast ' & es 7 j F 5 ——— ea mi | | E (ev) _ z aut so a — ‘a feo a “Cinler atomte dishence ) Ae ~~ dad — VaGonce Rant’. gro, mi =—o Energy. ht tahieh : “Beem: by sh “of ee |. NMoLance. energy. Yereds dg Cled NB. thee -. jare erHer full Med or -- Part abha, FiQQecd but herer be ~ Conduetion Brand | - Energy. bond whith fore by Spitting i Seu! A. a CondluchHen __ enero QeveQ is Called : Gh : Pee se. These - Ore... Ce, . . po ted _ “ akan a. ots ens Hi Recd never. Scanned by CamScanner é Fadbidelen, ety Bonde. The _ energa- Bap bed abRowsel -2nerpy. bands t _ _ a nar are. moan. 43.. FE. Band. bul _ = Re, “energy. gob... OMB. BO OB. ts. called) eer p. gab Distinction bla Concluetr 3. (ngulators Serine on he basis oh Band Bey a ; . __ = Secs Ever . “sefid has ; “be OWh “ charachershie — | “band : shuchire whi a _expOarreol ok _chectrreat baoper hi +28 t Oln Conolucteys | i ‘Tee “sofids in which Some ; “energy QeveDs of "CB & v, 8 Ore over Debs to each “offers ane colled Condu choy (Dike th “Ge Fe, AD, Ag, Au, NO ete) ! fos |e The solids Trhich | a forge enerqay yh bf Ve. woo (26 6 ev) are called tnsutaters . Ia Fa}s ho an A: oe i | { H =} asst t hams Con jump: ftom VB to 68. at ang high dmb. “lore in > gees: Rubber, — Pooshre , Mica ek) a) SoviGaetrs = “the sojds thie hove Smal energy gab GC epsley ) Blo VB. GB. ore aattest Semtemductey at Nesmal bem Some ‘Valenei al eechons comes tn Gh. ww need hole anil in va, cB. — ; 2 : | ae Tae Sheet Oo °? ij vege an V8 } V8: | Conduoby. . > = Insulator . . Semconducht a 3 Scanned by CamScanner |= Gneenbralion of ete in NoTy pe $Y Paige Semledicky "= ot ded Remb > ~Gencerralten op hele ME Cimgeaky” charge Corelers) = Na (CGncenis aon ef OA ceep ter akems ) ;——_——_t= -Che rqe¢ ae | Fermi fnecqy i= The man. energy gecubled "bs eects | el ot OK YS Cotlect Fermi Enerqp + fhe energey- — at ee | _Aewe® having. _efectaen sf Fermi. energy. is _cuitteol fermi fereh | — th 1s Be _veotive abundance Aof.__ellectems th OB. 3 hole fn VB: a, fo _ at an bomb Ferm; Reve tn inhi nstc sem} conaluaky~ aoayy HE to midwoy He V8 ES. ———— } ae | = — ae een eee! = @------- Scanned by CamScanner Berks Rowe iy ON BE. Soaesasier “— at absoQule 0 fo . Ferm ae. Qies _néor Ke oe . | : he Bam of! a3 temb._ Incr 5 — b fol 2 eae a. Comes in’ ¢.b Pa ae Fa, ae ios ganercle. in VB. $0, Fe _ Shift towerds md and = thems No Type ecn ae - Li ke to drinsie... Semi concluckey CSB in 0p Milacdicee "7 ot ani my erties ee peep re eee ee we Ferm Ues heer. the ” —_ i | 2 OE anal Of VB, as femb fo oresed SESRnanars leeeemrmnameiee ae oo from. VB. Gmes to Accebler eee ae fo ef +, Lewed cr mes th. OBR. $o_ ie Ep =—_ ee af _ Perm shi [4. +towords mid ae at evFe 6G a OMG! | Crise op) anal at Qon belie seed Femb p-Tybe becomes. 9i = 5 a naa Oh} asi¢ Sem Cenduher eT ete re _ = 4. PN! ‘Junckon 7 | JuheHon “Diede 1 The hich a” y where H at a. : vlivide Py femiendusle. crysheR ‘8 Called pn “Junction, “and. ‘Ke! "ne S80, formed wilh _ metad contact vis "Callen! Pm Jund diede- bp 6 ina : Scanned by CamScanner V-L |Charrectersh. ’- lalhen __teruward Velloge _enceeds Ihe _barrter ve Okage Vy —______|_ He -fomerd dicde current _tncrantes —espananbietiyy— —-——} uth __vebh _acaeeline te enh ener. 2 _t: te e ey , Ethene ES “fever pe Rakuraken curren Revarse biased’) then Pa hh Yesions of Juncker diode. - 7 Ts. Gonnecled why Ve ew PVE terminals e ‘exbeynod ‘Source the albde ts said “lp be tn, Reverse i | v a a . a = a a veverse vot tage pal vous the Interna’ eReckae | fiekel. the. charge cern ers Tn resbectve region Fo que from _alinetion. and dele Hien nesion becomes Hide. tect iinet ; carers ( Prermoadty genera led charge Corriers) | echren in, b hete tn hh ati frase ACTOS tne purctiow get accelerated _ reverse Vvolha Ink aly a Smell current “Flew Ireuyh Khe, "Junctions whith remains conslent Called reverse satwvahon | curret ut at a Cerkary Conkemt ‘reverse fan 2 minonhy corriers $0 energa tre Feat they eyeck ex” from VB, aa ators or tony, ature colDrsmens $0 a Qo | of. charge carries Generale in Me debQehon, res ion | and tRerefere Sudden thereag tn reverse current at a neardy ‘constant Volkege (bteale com velage Va) Suda — - a phenommen ts collec) Avalonde bresle down. Scanned by CamScanner — Effect of ctemb on Avalanche breakdown _Liken we inevesve. ee tem of Pn junehorn. | ———~+ | they ast leeir _energe by tats ancl again accelereledd ot | high renerie_uretinige. In__veverse oitese) mere. charge (minority) Cexrlers generale _to____ eltise ~te__jeet -e_fee nt. akent_o7 int te ne fore Avalanche break dam. veMlege __Inereose orhy” increape | In der, as shown tn — Aig : P-N Junchoyn diode as rectifier | - Rechifier ts On elechmire olivite whith can use fo Comment Ac. Into ake.. Such @ bhenominon is @led reckficehon & P-h Junction ciede has a cherracershe fRat tk hos _ very ‘ord resishance. | Is ferward bics while Infrrbe regitheqce_ in reve rse biased . Has proper Fy make Use tk as q tectifier. lds use as. a vechHier_ are of a types... “Half wave rech fier © ful@ were rvechfier- Pay Junchen Diode Qs a HNR: The Circuit for a HWER IS Shawh Ih Ligure. th has a _Transforme 7 ear T att ; a diode a oad Ry ap a nC - l R. “During tst hae eyed oh le aN q.t input, Vana A of St. 18 — current bhroush R, frera Mtoe. = In 2M heb eryole of aie Inbut rd A at nigh _w ® is ak foo potent go diode isin foriwarl btas and conduct at Qod -w BB is ah nig ts hotentiad so ajede ih__teverte blas @dhich _cdoes mot conduct icon RL SS WwW oadpbut enenit Re current Scanned by CamScanner while eet A ef Se. ts ot See pelenkted a 8 is at beh | {poerkint x. bomt ¢ is at fn _bfes_._Aw R....$0_Dy_C Canduet | eurrent rot RL a m2. (uobhBe des nob 1 Conduct current) _ So Hhets ay diodes. ave: = _eidency oF Fly. KR re ) = “Input ac. ee out pad” "pabbahve rt eibhte Locker + 4)) The autbe® z Reckfier ‘is not pure dc. th ts ppulsative — meons tk hes _ Some a.c. component — “ih Aten whieh is. CoOL ead sipp2e_ we Gms or @-C.... Component ae = put current witbte Ue. aoe. wadere: aa vont pt Soreness emia ens sees oe ge ee — i pel: top HMR. a Way Lye | ee OO RAR OVE 4B! 5 —$<—$—<—$<— <—_— <_< ae at seas * ms Diove Ws OF is. heavidy _ al slebest pet h Junchion, ne cliode obercked. in. breakdown region. E — abe, current cles not . conbrog Iny-_resistence... bak . Lg paver dissibahon = breatke down is. very _sherb__% i Za safe al 2k at for ETS Es ——_|__ reverse _ volhaga., _ _ _ a ' SP. : Scanned by CamScanner _Rreate ef Cui Meche ALS ( Zener br ea}¢etown) = In coils dobbed)___P-h Je diode {| Ny N, 218. fm) the deb Rekion Bogor ts et armed (2 [em and interned a H i + across re tanchon [6.5 te! Wr). oe cues so Lange endurh...lalen ~ we abby a__reverse bioa | te the junclion fre electric _fieOd becomes ___so__| high. een af — Onea_ volizae thet ik tno. —_fpu0—enet_| _ SS ef | Valenctad. elector had _cleale _heca hove re ven | —by co Risen. in A walonche bres. down... This _phenami nm | 3 IN ceed Zoney reat, dour: Etech sf temp Gh Zener breskdewn 17 As we ore panies ett Hoe tem ef _Junclim { e&echrms” tn vB get_iexcthed and. comes aut —o. ob fet. Ms Po. Aeco._vorhaae $0 creed: Coreg - Th —_____, efeohon.- habe _—beiy_ at he Juoctton. hence zener | | bresk dmon _vebtege decreases. abst, Increase in ben ~ Mer Nex a rT E _ +} 4 -¢|To_ —- Uses of Zener Diode’? Due to Sharp bresle down L th ts Osede ag volhage 1 —— — regudaboy: he Crvewit of zeneyv ig. as Perio c. Scanned by CamScanner 7A Principe '- . _—— Fae = | Ihey a pen junction clfode is _-feruaarel__loiaserd._, He) , . | 288i. he teshon ard hale _in__ p= frequen bolh move 1 towerds hme. junclon — and... recombine _teilh_.eath olmev, |_ and He enemy 15. reQeasect. at the. junchon to fe | —-. form. of: oe ~etectems from hte | recombine b-resion and Fadtcle | Consimeton 2 Ieee | — Finch of abt, an n-Qnuey is ; ° ; __ Yrewn oy subshate — and Hen © tupe Dower is debostled oon ib by diffusion .MeteQ_ |. Gontacks are mote at P-h Tepior y a oa the anocte contacts are made ak P-Chyey 1 Go bret enough upper surface ts Det free for thant bk | crcobe. Re cabede omlect it tmdle af he” baton ¢ Subsiak. , tara SannannennIIENE AbbQication \e Used in CabeuQater , Ajgibed wale & i Other. ishRoy otevice . in _ Ng a e a a | — | 7 cee, —_- ' aT 7 — ———S- | ee <4 “Py ee oR Cyt Nine Oe aed gigi St Me diode i made of (galtiun Posbide gaP) of | GaPRium arshenre phosbhide (GaAs P) te energy reCened Scanned by CamScanner is Visibde 3 NN By a broper choice af Semiconductor’ i ght —is_ang—— | desined tacve mela = = Tange may be obtained | ae Yt 5057 Cot! SOUay Ta is @ fm junckon device which Conver soley energy into eeehrica ene rgty til " o—t - ni 1 e + ; Goess aaron re bebe cs f= elec rode - Inthen photons of Dight (yor Eg) fates at He junchon ; es-hete bar are qeueneied In Phe. debkehen resi move ih opposile airecKio due fo dunchorn Internak electric Hela (E€,) .The [helo geneva- tes eRechens | moves Howards h-side , urhi@e hekes mows p-side. ob juneBon . y Qiving. rise to 2 pheh dtouarals aon i vo Qhage bfa The teh ¥ boHam pele® elechods. when an enternal Qoad iS Connected Gesoss Bechrods oe ebechtc current flexws, bho fo Ufes’-@ la is _vseet fer cherame Storege batteries is de a3) me | © these Gre chica osel in @rhfictoR shee le cre Usd in calcalateys, tard Wetches _ _ (a these @ these are __ Used “In power trafic SiQnels . fe. [| TRAN 7? BEER + -REBISTOR — St b, SIS TOR = TRAN er a Semicon duct jJunchor, fh Senes gi HWree or dev +}—~-_|_ 4 ermine! ice having, suo Pon inaQ . 2 is _obtarned hy __qQrecing a. thy Yin ayer. oppect__Semiconductey _in_b/d “hao 2 eee oh pe. OL ana : i. “ heavy dobbed other stiniQor icl< Jage L Sem) con Ay ctor as Scanned by CamScanner 
