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NURS 2031 Final QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS
When did evidence based practice begin in medicine? - CORRECT ANSWER _1990s
What is evidence based practise? - CORRECT ANSWER _-appraisal and application of current best
evidence to inform decisions -takes into account clinician and patient's preferences.
How can nurses practice using evidence-informed decision making? - CORRECT ANSWER _-read and
critique evidence-informed literature -Generate researchable questions and communicate them -participate in or conduct research -evaluate and promote evidence-informed practice.
How is evidence-informed decision-making different than Evidence Based Practice? - CORRECT
ANSWER _evidence-informed decision making acknowledges the factors beyond research evidence
(e.g. clinical expertise, client values, preferences, theories, ethics etc.)
What are some of the researcher's study-specific responsibilities? - CORRECT ANSWER _-develop
research questions -select study design -ensure study is ethically sound -collect the data -analyze the data
-prepare and disseminate the study findings -develop new/more refined research question
What administrative responsibilities does the researcher have? - CORRECT ANSWER _-establish a
budget -develop a timeline -keep records in secure location and dispose according to standards -supervise all individuals working on a study -comply with all agency, organizational and institutional rules, regulations and policies.
Explain Step 1: Identify the research topic, idea or problem... - CORRECT ANSWER _-select a topic
that you are enthusiastic about -explore new topic areas -be prepared to revise topic if needed -ensure sufficient research literature to support your research problem
Explain Step 2: Conduct a literature search... - CORRECT ANSWER _-determine what findings
already exist -identify gaps in the research -become familiar with the body of knowledge -include databases which are credible and applicable.
Explain Step 4: Develop a research question - CORRECT ANSWER _-this will provide structure and
direction for the work to be undertaken. -allows researcher to determine if he/she has appropriate resources, skill sand time needed -helps researcher be efficient and precise.
Explain Step 6: Choosing an appropriate study design - CORRECT ANSWER _using your research
question, what is the best design?
What is a basic research design? - CORRECT ANSWER _-to advance knowledge, typically lab-based
-development of certain concepts
What is an applied research design? - CORRECT ANSWER _-direct application of theoretical
knowledge to practice or therapeutic setting
Explain Step 7: Define the variables and other key terms - CORRECT ANSWER _-define the variables
related to your research question and design
What is a conceptual definition? - CORRECT ANSWER _tend to be vague and need further defining
(what would be in the dictionary)
When is a subject used vs. a participant? - CORRECT ANSWER _subject is used in experimental
research studies and participants are used in non-experimental designs
what is the purpose of a research design? - CORRECT ANSWER _-helps answer research question
-allows researcher to apply controls if needed? -provides a plan, structure and strategy
Name and explain the 3 characteristics of an experimental design: - CORRECT ANSWER _1.
Manipulation: of the independent variable.
- Randomization: of assignment to control and treatment/intervention groups - everybody should have an equal chance
- Control: the introduction of one or more constants.
What is the "gold-standard" for establishing cause-and-effect relationships but that are not possible in
many areas of nursing research? - CORRECT ANSWER _Random-control trials
What is a quasi-experimental design? - CORRECT ANSWER _-when not all conditions for an
experimental design can be met -weaker design bc groups may not be equal
What is a non-experimental design? - CORRECT ANSWER _-observational/exploratory
-there is no intervention or manipulation of the IV -e.g. cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, ecological designs.
Explain what a cohort study is - CORRECT ANSWER _-non-experimental design
-prospective -individual without the disease of interest are sampled and classified as having exposure or not -looked at down the line to see if they got the disease or not -possible confounders/extraneous variables & may take a long time
What is a case-control study? - CORRECT ANSWER _-cases from specified population with disease
and controls without the disease are sampled -asked about exposure vs. non-exposure -cheaper and faster than cohort study -vulnerable to recall bias
What is a cross-sectional/prevalence study? - CORRECT ANSWER _-take a sample of a population
and ask survey them to see if they got the disease/not & if they were exposed/not
-cochrane collar. or campbell collaboration!
What is a meta-analysis - CORRECT ANSWER _-same as systematic review BUT:
-combines the findings into one numerical answer -whether an intervention works or not and by how much -not possible when there is too much variability of a population and intervention - the results will then be reported as literature review or narrative review.
What is inclusion criteria? - CORRECT ANSWER _identifies what a study needs to address in order to
be included in review
What is exclusion criteria? - CORRECT ANSWER _identifies situations and circumstances in which a
study will not be included in a review
How should you search for studies? - CORRECT ANSWER _-comprehensive search
-include published AND unpublished -use all relevant electronic databases -look through reference lists -consult experts -look through journal table of contents and websites
Why should 2 independent reviewers be used in a systematic review? - CORRECT ANSWER _-to
reduce bias -to discuss all possible articles to choose those that will be selected
What is the Jaddad scale? - CORRECT ANSWER _-used to assess bias and validity
-an example of a framework to appraise RCT -takes into consideration; blinding, drop-outs, concealment of allocation -a point system
What are some ways to assess studies for methodological quality? - CORRECT ANSWER _-Jaddad
scale -validity pyramid -study design -selection bias -confounders -data collection methods -data analysis -assessment of drop-outs
When developing a data extraction form, what should you include? - CORRECT ANSWER _-which
data to extract from each study -how the data will be extracted -who will extract the data
What does a forest plot do? - CORRECT ANSWER _-shows statistical significance in graph form
which points are more significant? (forest plot) - CORRECT ANSWER _points that are farther away
from the line of 0 significance
What effect do points to the left of the line of 0 significance have? (forest plot) - CORRECT
ANSWER _they have a negative effect on he hypothesis
3.Health Services and Policy
- Social, cultural, environmental and population health
What is the biomedical pillar of health research? - CORRECT ANSWER _cellular level or whole body
level
What is the clinical pillar of health research? - CORRECT ANSWER _studies based specifically on or
for patients
What is the health services pillar of health research? - CORRECT ANSWER _may look at quality, cost
and how they are received
What is the social, cultural, environmental and population health? - CORRECT
ANSWER _investigating population and different health determinants
(SDOH)
What is the purpose of health research? - CORRECT ANSWER _-autonomy
-validation of nursing as a profession -to describe (comparisons between people or groups/illustrate differences in health) -to explain (disease) -to predict and control (health problems, service development)
What is a Research Paradigm? - CORRECT ANSWER _-Reflects one's own beliefs about what
constitutes knowledge and how it is to be generated -"a way of thinking about the world"
What are the 3 distinct dimensions which help define a research paradigm? - CORRECT ANSWER _1:
epistemology 2: ontology 3: Methodology
What is epistemology? - CORRECT ANSWER _the branch of philosophy concerned with nature and
definitions of knowledge and truth.
What is ontology? - CORRECT ANSWER _the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of
reality
What is methodology? - CORRECT ANSWER _describes one's approach to data collection and
analysis
What are the 3 epistemologies? - CORRECT ANSWER _1. positivism
- interpretivism
- critical realism
What is positivism? - CORRECT ANSWER _"hard science" / black and white
-argues that valid knowledge and truth is generated through a scientific process based on observation/measurements and generalizations
What is Interprevitism? - CORRECT ANSWER _-the subject's experience
-qualitative -seeks to generate a subjective way of knowing
-often collected via large-scale social and epidemiological surveys
What are the 2 distinct phases of theorizing? - CORRECT ANSWER _1. Induction
2: deduction
What is deduction? - CORRECT ANSWER _testing pre-existing hypothesis
What is induction? - CORRECT ANSWER _generation of new hypothesis from a pre-existing study
What is the Quantitative/Qualitative Divide? - CORRECT ANSWER _-We have a tendency to view
qualitative data and quantitative data as mutually exclusive -mixed method designs involve research strategies that could blend advantages of the 2 traditions. -e.g. statistical regression analysis with extended fieldwork.
What is a target population? - CORRECT ANSWER _what we are interested in. it should be well
defined.
What is an accessible population? - CORRECT ANSWER _We may not be able to access/select all
participants from the target population - accessible population are those that we have access to.
what is a sample? / what are elements? - CORRECT ANSWER _a set of elements that make up the
population. Formed out of elements (which are the most basic unit about which info is collected)
What are sampling units? - CORRECT ANSWER _an organization, a group or an individual which is
being sampled.
what is a sampling frame? - CORRECT ANSWER _a set or list of all units of the population to select a
sample of units.
what is a parameter? - CORRECT ANSWER _a sampling characteristic.
what is a sampling error? - CORRECT ANSWER _when sample is not representative of the
population.
what is a strata? - CORRECT ANSWER _subgroup or subsets of a population that is divided into
homogeneous groups - the goal is to better represent the population (e.g. nurses divided by age)
what is generalizability in relation to probability sampling? - CORRECT ANSWER _being able to infer
the results obtained with a sample statistic to a population.
what is representativeness? - CORRECT ANSWER _a sample of characteristics that resemble that of
the greater population - the participants must exhibit representativeness for a study to be generalized.
what is sampling? - CORRECT ANSWER _selecting subset of units from a population to collect info
to draw inferences about the whole population.
Explain Population descriptors: - CORRECT ANSWER _-can be identified using inclusion and
exclusion criteria. -e.g. gender/age/ethnicity/marital status/religion/health status/diagnosis
What are the 4 steps for sampling? - CORRECT ANSWER _1. Identify the target audience
- Describe the accessible population (inclusion/exclusion criteria)
- Develop a sampling plan
- Modified probability: probability sampling then quota sampling
- Network/snowball: use contacts to find rare characteristics
What are some examples of probability sampling? - CORRECT ANSWER _-simple random sample
(SRS)
-systematic (SYS) -cluster -stratified -multistage
Explain simple random sampling: - CORRECT ANSWER _-a one-step selection method which ensures
that every element of the accessible population has an equal chance -with or without replacement -uses a sampling frame (kinda like drawing names out of a hat)
Explain systematic sampling: - CORRECT ANSWER _-individuals are selected from a population at
regular intervals using a sampling interval and random start -K=N/n where K is the number of people you go up by, N is the total population number and n is the number of people that need to be selected. -Select a random number and go up by the K number until you have the n number.
Explain cluster sampling: - CORRECT ANSWER _randomly selecting complete groups of the
population units from a sampling frame. 2-step process:
- population needs to be separated into groups 2: select sample of clusters
Explain a stratified sample: - CORRECT ANSWER _-not a selection method but a way to organize the
population into homogenous, mutually exclusive way groups called start. -samples can then be selected from the individual strata (any sample design can then be used) -good for skewed populations and to ensure that adequate sample sizes for domains of interest.
Explain multi-stage sampling: - CORRECT ANSWER _-select a sample in 2 or more stages where the
units at each stage are different in structure and hierarchy -Primary stage (PSU) and secondly stage (SSU) -can have any number of stages -e.g. stage 1: city blocks stage 2: dwellings stage 3: a few people per household -decreases travel time, interview time and cost.
What is measurement? - CORRECT ANSWER _giving the numerical value to come phenomenon
according to rules.
what are hypothetic constructs? - CORRECT ANSWER _can't be observed. e.g. behaviours, attitudes,
processes (like intelligence, adaptability, resilience, emotion)
What are categorical variables? - CORRECT ANSWER _must satisfy 2 conditions
a) the categories must be mutually exclusive b) the categories must be collectively exhaustive -categories have no quantitative/mathematical meaning - the values are simply labels (nominal/ordinal levels measurement)
Explain ratio variables: - CORRECT ANSWER _-meaningful zero
-can calculate mean, standard deviation and parametric statistics.
What kind of variable is shoe size? - CORRECT ANSWER _Interval
What kind of variable is eye colour? - CORRECT ANSWER _Nominal
What kind of variable is a pain scale? - CORRECT ANSWER _Ordinal
What kind variable is dollar value? - CORRECT ANSWER _Ratio
What is the classic test theory (CTT)? - CORRECT ANSWER _a measurement erro (psychometric
theory) -the obtained score on the test consists of 2 things (a true score and some error) CTT = TS + Error -helps to predict possible errors and account for them Assumes: -we never see a true score (it is always associated with an error) -the error is unrelated to the true score (the error is consistent throughout the experiment and is not only to do with the true score) -the error has a mean of 0 (meaning that the errors will cancel each other out)
What is scale development based on? - CORRECT ANSWER _-based on classic psychometric theory
(which assumes that a score on a scale consists of 2 parts: the observed true score plus some degree of error)
-This means that we never see the true score because there is always a degree of error associated with it.
What are the 4 steps to scale development? - CORRECT ANSWER _1. clearly spell out what the
construct means (may change after the focus group or expert feedback)
- Write out the items or borrow from existing scales (2-3 times more items than you need) (must be at a grade 3 reading level)
- Checking out the items
- Selecting the items (step 3 in scale development):
What problems should you be watching out for in the language used in the scales? - CORRECT
ANSWER _-jargon
-double-barreled questions: asking more than one question in one -vague quantifiers: e.g. often, seldom, rarely etc. (step 3 in scale development):
What is cognitive interviewing/how does it help develop scales? - CORRECT ANSWER _-it involves
asking people to read the terms and rephrase them into their own words OR asking people in interview format to answer the questions and explain their answers. -this can help identify problems in the questions such as difficulty of the Qs, comprehension, clarity, misinterpretation etc.) -normally done with 10-15 people. (step 3 in scale development):
What are some biases that can be present when responding? - CORRECT ANSWER _-social
desirability bias -yea-saying/acquiescence bias (responders agree with any statement even if they don't actually)
