Download NURS 2031 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
NURS 2031 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS
what is a confidence interval? - ANSWERS-a way to express your conclusion as an interval with lower and upper bound on same scale as original data collected.
- usually 95% (95% of the time, the true value is contained in the interval if the study is repeated many times)
- The wider the line, the more imprecise range/the shorter the line, the more precise the range. what are the 2 types errors/incorrect decisions made about the hypothesis (rejecting/accepting) - which is more problematic? - ANSWERS-type 1) rejecting the null when it is true/accepting the alternate when it is false. (more problematic because you cannot make a recommendation in the clinical setting on something that hasn't even been done)
type 2) accepting the null when it is false/rejecting the alternate when it is true How is evidence-informed decision-making different than Evidence Based Practice? - ANSWERS-evidence-informed decision making acknowledges the factors beyond research evidence (e.g. clinical expertise, client values, preferences, theories, ethics etc.) What are some of the researcher's study-specific responsibilities? - ANSWERS--develop research questions
- select study design
- ensure study is ethically sound
- collect the data
- analyze the data
- prepare and disseminate the study findings
- develop new/more refined research question What administrative responsibilities does the researcher have? - ANSWERS--establish a budget
- develop a timeline
- keep records in secure location and dispose according to standards
- supervise all individuals working on a study
Explain Step 2: Conduct a literature search... - ANSWERS--determine what findings already exist
- identify gaps in the research
- become familiar with the body of knowledge
- include databases which are credible and applicable. Explain Step 4: Develop a research question - ANSWERS--this will provide structure and direction for the work to be undertaken.
- allows researcher to determine if he/she has appropriate resources, skill sand time needed
- helps researcher be efficient and precise. What is a PICO/PECOT Research Question? - ANSWERS-helps to to define the research question: P = population I/E = Intervention/Exposure C = comparison O = outcomes of interest T = timeframe
what is a descriptive research question? - ANSWERS-Identifies the key features of individuals or group looking at prevalence/incidence rates what is a difference research question? - ANSWERS-comparing individuals in one group to those in another group on an outcome what is a relationship research question - ANSWERS-the degree to which 2 or more variables are related/associated. Explain Step 5: generating a hypothesis... - ANSWERS-a hypothesis predicts the relationship or difference between independent and dependant variables. It is a testable statement What is the Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) - ANSWERS-what the researcher is trying to find What is the null hypothesis? (Ho) - ANSWERS-use when testing the researcher's hypothesis - opposes the alternative hypothesis. Explain Step 6: Choosing an appropriate study design - ANSWERS-using your research question, what is the best design?
Name and explain the 3 characteristics of an experimental design: - ANSWERS-1. Manipulation: of the independent variable.
- Randomization: of assignment to control and treatment/intervention groups - everybody should have an equal chance
- Control: the introduction of one or more constants. What is the "gold-standard" for establishing cause-and-effect relationships but that are not possible in many areas of nursing research? - ANSWERS-Random-control trials What is a quasi-experimental design? - ANSWERS--when not all conditions for an experimental design can be met
- weaker design bc groups may not be equal What is a non-experimental design? - ANSWERS-- observational/exploratory
- there is no intervention or manipulation of the IV
- e.g. cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, ecological designs. Explain what a cohort study is - ANSWERS--non-experimental design
- prospective
- individual without the disease of interest are sampled and classified as having exposure or not
- looked at down the line to see if they got the disease or not
- possible confounders/extraneous variables & may take a long time What is a case-control study? - ANSWERS--cases from specified population with disease and controls without the disease are sampled
- asked about exposure vs. non-exposure
- cheaper and faster than cohort study
- vulnerable to recall bias What is a cross-sectional/prevalence study? - ANSWERS--take a sample of a population and ask survey them to see if they got the disease/not & if they were exposed/not What is an ecological study? - ANSWERS--not at the individual level
- testing for correlations between populations
- often fail to be applicable on the individual level
- confounders
- is reliable and can draw conclusions and make decisions based on findings
- cochrane collar. or campbell collaboration! What is a meta-analysis - ANSWERS--same as systematic review BUT:
- combines the findings into one numerical answer
- whether an intervention works or not and by how much
- not possible when there is too much variability of a population and intervention - the results will then be reported as literature review or narrative review. What is inclusion criteria? - ANSWERS-identifies what a study needs to address in order to be included in review What is exclusion criteria? - ANSWERS-identifies situations and circumstances in which a study will not be included in a review How should you search for studies? - ANSWERS--comprehensive search
- include published AND unpublished
- use all relevant electronic databases
- look through reference lists
- consult experts
- look through journal table of contents and websites Why should 2 independent reviewers be used in a systematic review? - ANSWERS--to reduce bias
- to discuss all possible articles to choose those that will be selected What is the Jaddad scale? - ANSWERS--used to assess bias and validity
- an example of a framework to appraise RCT
- takes into consideration; blinding, drop-outs, concealment of allocation
- a point system What are some ways to assess studies for methodological quality? - ANSWERS--Jaddad scale
- validity pyramid
- study design
- selection bias
- confounders
- data collection methods
- data analysis
- the left and right points of the diamond are the range of possible effects of the intervention What does it mean if the diamond touches the line of 0 significance? - ANSWERS-the data is not statistically significant. (if it is close, it is up to the researcher's discretion) What is a 95% confidence interval? - ANSWERS--95% of the time, the results fall within the confidence interval
- if the confidence interval falls on both sides of the line of no effect, the results could go either way. (may not be statistically significant)
- diamond is the effect size of all of the studies above it
- the longer the line, the less specific the results are, the shorter the line, the more precise the results are. Define Research: - ANSWERS-systematic process of enquiry that aims to generate new scientific knowledge. Define Health Research: - ANSWERS-any research relevant to health - incorporates diverse number of methodologies What are the 4 pillars of health according research to the Canadian Institute of Health Research? - ANSWERS-1. Biomedical
- Clinical
- Health Services and Policy
- Social, cultural, environmental and population health What is the biomedical pillar of health research? - ANSWERS-cellular level or whole body level What is the clinical pillar of health research? - ANSWERS-studies based specifically on or for patients What is the health services pillar of health research? - ANSWERS-may look at quality, cost and how they are received What is the social, cultural, environmental and population health? - ANSWERS-investigating population and different health determinants (SDOH) What is the purpose of health research? - ANSWERS--autonomy
- validation of nursing as a profession
- to describe (comparisons between people or groups/illustrate differences in health)
What are the 3 epistemologies? - ANSWERS-1. positivism
- interpretivism
- critical realism What is positivism? - ANSWERS-"hard science" / black and white
- argues that valid knowledge and truth is generated through a scientific process based on observation/measurements and generalizations What is Interprevitism? - ANSWERS--the subject's experience
- qualitative
- seeks to generate a subjective way of knowing What is Critical Realism? - ANSWERS--the third way
- theory is required!
- argues that true knowledge is closely associated with theorizing other than measuring or observing. What are the 2 ontologies? - ANSWERS-1: objectivist approach 2: constructivist approach
What is the objectivist approach? - ANSWERS--things that a researcher can objectively measure
- i.e. body weight, height etc. What is the constructivist approach? - ANSWERS--things that are socially constructed. e.g. gender, sexuality, ethnicity What are the 2 traditions of data collection? - ANSWERS--Quantitative
- Qualitative What is the Qualitative Tradition? - ANSWERS--mostly open-ended research questions concerned with meaning
- one-on-one interviews, focus groups, oral history or analysis of written or visual material
- close contact on the research field What is the Quantitative Tradition? - ANSWERS--relies on numeric data and statistical analysis
- to measure, to test hypotheses, to assess correlation/causality and generalize from samples to populations
- often collected via large-scale social and epidemiological surveys
what is a sample? / what are elements? - ANSWERS-a set of elements that make up the population. Formed out of elements (which are the most basic unit about which info is collected) What are sampling units? - ANSWERS-an organization, a group or an individual which is being sampled. what is a sampling frame? - ANSWERS-a set or list of all units of the population to select a sample of units. what is a parameter? - ANSWERS-a sampling characteristic. what is a sampling error? - ANSWERS-when sample is not representative of the population. what is a strata? - ANSWERS-subgroup or subsets of a population that is divided into homogeneous groups - the goal is to better represent the population (e.g. nurses divided by age) what is generalizability in relation to probability sampling? - ANSWERS- being able to infer the results obtained with a sample statistic to a population.
what is representativeness? - ANSWERS-a sample of characteristics that resemble that of the greater population - the participants must exhibit representativeness for a study to be generalized. what is sampling? - ANSWERS-selecting subset of units from a population to collect info to draw inferences about the whole population. Explain Population descriptors: - ANSWERS--can be identified using inclusion and exclusion criteria.
- e.g. gender/age/ethnicity/marital status/religion/health status/diagnosis What are the 4 steps for sampling? - ANSWERS-1. Identify the target audience
- Describe the accessible population (inclusion/exclusion criteria)
- Develop a sampling plan
- Obtain REB approval What is a non-probability sampling strategy? - ANSWERS-there is no randomization involved. It is fast, easy and inexpensive. It assumes representativeness = it will likely be bias.
