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ONS ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY 2026., Exams of Nursing

Western Governors University (WGU)Nursing

ONS ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY 2026.

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 03/06/2026

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ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY
CERTIFICATION LATEST EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS |GRADED A+
The Normal Cell Cycle - CORRECT ANSWER >>>-The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of
processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular
information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Cell division produces two identical cells
through these two major phases
During interphase: - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the
following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - CORRECT ANSWER >>>-cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
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Download ONS ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY 2026. and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY

CERTIFICATION LATEST EXAM 20 26 QUESTIONS AND

CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS |GRADED A+

The Normal Cell Cycle - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division

  • Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular information Interphase and Mitotic Phase - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cell division produces two identical cells through these two major phases During interphase: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps: 1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap) 2: Synthesis phase (S phase) 3:Mitotic Phse (M phase) First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - cells increase in size
  • reproduce RNA
  • "quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
  • Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days Synthesis Phase (S phase) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - DNA replicates
  • Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
  • which are attached a t the centromere
  • lasts 2-10 hours Mitotic Phase (M phase) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
  • takes about 30-60 minutes Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - G1 checkpoint
  • S Phase
  • G2 checkpoint
  • M phase
  • Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
  • These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
  1. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
  • Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - (G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/
  • Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/
  • Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/
  • G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
  • Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B Inhibitory proteins - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is detected
  • An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53) DNA Damage Checkpoints - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
  • The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-understood inhibitory proteins (IP) Inhibitory proteins p53 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Levels of this IP regulate several important target genes
  • Will increase when DNA damage is present
  • Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation
  • sometimes called the "suicide gene" M Phase Checkpoints - CORRECT ANSWER >>> When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line up in the mitotic spindle. If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cells of the Immune System - CORRECT ANSWER >>>

(Cellular components such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and macrophages)

  1. Phagocytes
  2. Natural Killer Cells
  3. Granulocytes
  4. Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1.Cells that engulf and destroy invader
  5. Cells that sense receptors on self and non-self to determine if they should kill or not
  6. Type of WBC that have granules (Neutrophils Eosinophils - parasites Basophils - release histamine to stimulate immune response)
  7. Large phagocytic cells stimulated by infection Adaptive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Stimulated if innate immunity is insufficient
  • leads to immune system memory
  • Humoral immunity
  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Regulatory T-cells Humoral Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - B-Cells
  • Memory B-Cells
  • Plasma act to produce immunoglobulins (Igs) or antibodies B-Cell - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - each one is programmed to make one specific antibody
  • Can recognize antigens whether they are freely circulating in the blood or attached to surface of a microbe
  • When dividing, can become plasma cells which will then begin secreting antibodies that are unique to that antigen Plasma Cells - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - some plasma cells will undergo apoptosis
  • Some will go to the BM where they will continue to secrete antibodies sometimes for years Cell-Mediated Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Depends upon cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells and their cyokinds
  • more effective against antigens within cells Regulatory T-cells AKA suppressor T-Cells - CORRECT ANSWER >>> regulate the immune response to prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses T-Cell - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Can only recognize antigens when they are presented to them by "presenting cells"

Cytokines Include.. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Interferons (IFNs) Tumor necrosis factors

  • Transforming GFs
  • Interleukins (IL - 1, - 2, - 3 , - 4, - 6, - 8, - 10, and - 15)
  • These cytokines regulate antibody production and the functions of B and T cells as well as interact with antigen-presenting cells and NKCs Benign Tumors - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - encapsulated and grow in an orderly manner with smooth edges
  • Do not invade neighboring tissue
  • DO not metastasize to distant sites
  • the cells well differentiated in that they look like the parent cell Characteristics of Cancer Cells - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Malignant tumors are not encapsulated
  • Cell structure is different from parent tissue (no as well differentiated)
  • Cell division is uncontrolled
  • Cells are loosely adherent without contact inhibition Cells are able to invade neighboring tissue
  • Cells can migrate and metastasize to distant sites
  • Can stimulate the development of new blood vessels to supply the tumor (angiogenesis) Proto-oncogene - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - regulate normal cell growth and division
  • large family of genes that code for proteins and enzymes that turn on the cell cyle Oncogene - CORRECT ANSWER >>> when mistakes in copies of DNA can occur, if a mutation occurs next to a proto-oncogene, it can "turn on" and become a ______ Examples of oncogoenes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. EGFR or Erb-B1 (codes for an epidermal GF receptor in the receptor-tyrosine kinase family ad is associated with head and neck and colorectal cancers)
  • EGFR inhibitor therapies are known to cause cutaneous reactions
  1. Erb-B2 or HER2/neu (codes for an EGFR protein in the tyrosine kinase family and is associated with some breast cancers) Tumor suppressor genes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - act like brakes in a car, slowing down or stopping cell growth and division
  1. This is called dimerization and can be the following:

Dimerization - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. Homodimerization: binding with the same type of receptor, such as an epidermal GF receptor (EGFR) 1 receptor with another EGFR

  1. Heterodimerization: binding with a different kind of receptor, such as EGFR1 binding with EGFR Protein tyrosine kinases phosphorylates - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - turned on by giving up a phosphate molecule
  • the message is now send via a "bucket bridage", or passing the message from one molecule to other signaling molecules until the message gets first into the cell nucleus
  • where it is transcribed Pathways - CORRECT ANSWER >>> many pathways and crossalks signaling btw and among the different pathways, and they all have the power to control cell behavior in one way or another mitogen-activating protein kinase (Raf-1/MAPK) pathway - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - shown to decrease the benefits of some cancer drugs
  • decrease disease-free survival time in some pts mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) survival pathway - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - play a role in resistance to some chemotherapy agents in certain pts by keeping cells that have been exposed to chemotherapy from undergoing apoptosis
  • role in angiogenesis

Nonadherence - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - pt takes too few or too many pills Overadherence - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - when a pt believes a dose was missed or that "more is better", too much medication may be taken, leading to increased toxicity Factor affecting adherence - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - provider relationship

  • side effects
  • necessity
  • routinization
  • support
  • lifestyle fit
  • cost
  • medication knowledge
  • pill burden
  • regiment complexity Lesson 2: Alkylating Agents - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Alkylating Agents - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - function by causing a break in the DNA helix strand, causing interference with DNA replication, which results in cell death Alkylating Agent Subgroups - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Nitrogen mustards (cyclophosphamide{Cytoxin}, ifosfamide{Ifex}, bendamustine{Treanda})
  • Platinum-based (cisplatin{Planitol}, carboplatin{Paraplatin}): do not possess an alkyl group
  • nitrosoureas Nitrosoureas - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - subgroup of alkylating agents
  • able to cross the blood-brain barrier (effective in treating some brain tumors, melanomas, lymphomas)
  • Carmustine (BiCNU)
  • Lomustine (CeeNu)
  • Streptozocin (Zanosar)
  • pulmonary monitoring recommended Carboplatin (Paraplatin) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Alkylazing agent
  • possibility for a hypersensitivity reaction which is rash, urticaria, erythema, pruritis, rarely bronchospasm and hypotensision
  • notify RN if itching, scratchy throat, difficulty breathing, rash
  • Blood count, particularly platelets, monitored because thrombocytopenia is a dose-limiting toxicity
  • Oral dosage: 1-5mg/kg/day Cisplatin (Planitol) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Alkylating agent

Intrathecal Chemotherapy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - injects chemo directly into the subarachnoid space so it reaches the CNS

  • Often used to treat leukemia and lymphoma that has spread to the CNS since most IV chemo does not cross the blood-brain barrier
  • only MTX and cytarabine via this route
  • IT hydrocortisone is often given at the same time to reduce inflammation
  • MUST be preservative free to avoid CNS irritation Chemotherapy-Induced N/V (CINV) Risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - younger
  • have a hx of low or no alcohol consumption
  • are female
  • hx of morning sickness
  • prone to motion sickness
  • have had chemo previously Types of CINV - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Acute: occurring within 24 hours
  • Delayed: from 24 hour - 5 days after
  • Breakthrough: Occurring despite treatment
  • Anticipatory: triggered by taste, odor, memories, visions, anxiety r/t chemo
  • Refractory: occurring despite subsequent cycles when treatment failed in earlier cycles Prevention/Treatment of hand foot syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - limit exposure of hands and feet to hot water
  • take cool showers
  • avoid exposure to sources of heat, such as using saunas or sitting in the sun
  • avoid activities that cause unnecessary force or friction on the hands or feet, such as running or aerobics
  • avoid contact with harsh chemicals used in detergents and household cleaning products
  • avoid activities that require you to press your hand against a hard surface
  • elevate your hands and feet when sitting or lying down
  • gently apply skin care creams to keep hands moist
  • wear loose-fitting, well ventilated shoes Nadir - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - point at which blood cell counts are at their lowest following treatment
  • typically, but not always, occurs 7-10 days after the cycle is administered