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ONS ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY EXAMS, Exams of Nursing

Chamberlain College of NursingNursing

ONS ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY EXAMS

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 03/02/2026

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ONS ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY EXAMS
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
2026(GRADED A+) DETAILED ANSWERS!!
The Normal Cell Cycle - CORRECT ANSWER >>>-The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of
processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular
information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Cell division produces two identical cells
through these two major phases
During interphase: - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the
following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - CORRECT ANSWER >>>-cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
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Download ONS ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY EXAMS and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

ONS ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY EXAMS

COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS

2026 (GRADED A+) DETAILED ANSWERS!!

The Normal Cell Cycle - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division

  • Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular information Interphase and Mitotic Phase - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cell division produces two identical cells through these two major phases During interphase: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps: 1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap) 2: Synthesis phase (S phase) 3:Mitotic Phse (M phase) First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - cells increase in size
  • reproduce RNA
  • "quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
  • Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days Synthesis Phase (S phase) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - DNA replicates
  • Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
  • which are attached a t the centromere
  • lasts 2-10 hours Mitotic Phase (M phase) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
  • takes about 30-60 minutes Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - G1 checkpoint
  • S Phase
  • G2 checkpoint
  • M phase Restriction Point - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
  • Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
  • These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
  1. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
  • Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - (G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/
  • Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/
  • Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/
  • G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
  • Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B Inhibitory proteins - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is detected
  • An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53) DNA Damage Checkpoints - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
  • The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-understood inhibitory proteins (IP) Inhibitory proteins p53 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Levels of this IP regulate several important target genes
  • Will increase when DNA damage is present
  • Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation
  • sometimes called the "suicide gene" M Phase Checkpoints - CORRECT ANSWER >>> When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line up in the mitotic spindle. If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cells of the Immune System - CORRECT ANSWER >>>

(Cellular components such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and macrophages)

  1. Phagocytes
  2. Natural Killer Cells
  3. Granulocytes
  4. Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1.Cells that engulf and destroy invader
  5. Cells that sense receptors on self and non-self to determine if they should kill or not
  6. Type of WBC that have granules (Neutrophils Eosinophils - parasites Basophils - release histamine to stimulate immune response)
  7. Large phagocytic cells stimulated by infection Adaptive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Stimulated if innate immunity is insufficient
  • leads to immune system memory
  • Humoral immunity
  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Regulatory T-cells

Humoral Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - B-Cells

  • Memory B-Cells
  • Plasma act to produce immunoglobulins (Igs) or antibodies B-Cell - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - each one is programmed to make one specific antibody
  • Can recognize antigens whether they are freely circulating in the blood or attached to surface of a microbe
  • When dividing, can become plasma cells which will then begin secreting antibodies that are unique to that antigen Plasma Cells - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - some plasma cells will undergo apoptosis
  • Some will go to the BM where they will continue to secrete antibodies sometimes for years Cell-Mediated Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Depends upon cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells and their cyokinds
  • more effective against antigens within cells Regulatory T-cells AKA suppressor T-Cells - CORRECT ANSWER >>> regulate the immune response to prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses T-Cell - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Can only recognize antigens when they are presented to them by "presenting cells"
  • Tumor necrosis factors
  • Transforming GFs
  • Interleukins (IL - 1, - 2, - 3, - 4, - 6, - 8, - 10, and - 15)
  • These cytokines regulate antibody production and the functions of B and T cells as well as interact with antigen-presenting cells and NKCs Benign Tumors - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - encapsulated and grow in an orderly manner with smooth edges
  • Do not invade neighboring tissue
  • DO not metastasize to distant sites
  • the cells well differentiated in that they look like the parent cell Characteristics of Cancer Cells - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Malignant tumors are not encapsulated
  • Cell structure is different from parent tissue (no as well differentiated)
  • Cell division is uncontrolled
  • Cells are loosely adherent without contact inhibition
  • Cells are able to invade neighboring tissue

p53 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - "sucidie gene"

  • activates apoptosis when the cell is damaged beyond repair or too old to function
  • more than 50% of solid tumors, the gene is mutated and unable to perform its normal function Growth Signals - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - cancer cells are able to find their own growth signals making them self-sufficient Signal transduction - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - the communication or passage of a message telling the cell to do a biologic process, such as make a protein, divide, or make new blood vessels Signal transduction steps - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. Messages usually sent from outside the cell where the messenger (ligand) first binds to the cell receptor which extended through the cell membrane
    1. These receptors ae called receptor tyrosine kinases
    2. To send the message through the membrane, the receptor often has to join with another recetor to become active and t autophophorylate
    3. This is called dimerization and can be the following: Dimerization - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. Homodimerization: binding with the same type of receptor, such as an epidermal GF receptor (EGFR) 1 receptor with another EGFR
  1. Heterodimerization: binding with a different kind of receptor, such as EGFR1 binding with EGFR Protein tyrosine kinases phosphorylates - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - turned on by giving up a phosphate molecule
  • the message is now send via a "bucket bridage", or passing the message from one molecule to other signaling molecules until the message gets first into the cell nucleus
  • where it is transcribed Pathways - CORRECT ANSWER >>> many pathways and crossalks signaling btw and among the different pathways, and they all have the power to control cell behavior in one way or another mitogen-activating protein kinase (Raf-1/MAPK) pathway - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - shown to decrease the benefits of some cancer drugs
  • decrease disease-free survival time in some pts mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) survival pathway - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - play a role in resistance to some chemotherapy agents in certain pts by keeping cells that have been exposed to chemotherapy from undergoing apoptosis
  • role in angiogenesis phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - transduction enzymes that activate Akt, leading to cell survival, increased cell proliferation, and growith

Overadherence - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - when a pt believes a dose was missed or that "more is better", too much medication may be taken, leading to increased toxicity Factor affecting adherence - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - provider relationship

  • side effects
  • necessity
  • routinization
  • support
  • lifestyle fit
  • cost
  • medication knowledge
  • pill burden
  • regiment complexity Lesson 2: Alkylating Agents - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Alkylating Agents - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - function by causing a break in the DNA helix strand, causing interference with DNA replication, which results in cell death Alkylating Agent Subgroups - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Nitrogen mustards (cyclophosphamide{Cytoxin}, ifosfamide{Ifex}, bendamustine{Treanda})
  • Platinum-based (cisplatin{Planitol}, carboplatin{Paraplatin}): do not possess an alkyl group
  • nitrosoureas

Nitrosoureas - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - subgroup of alkylating agents

  • severe N/V ovarian and testicular Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxin) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Alkylating agent)
  • hemorrhagic cystitis (dysuria, hematuria, hemorrhage)
  • DC treatment if hemorrhagic cystitis
  • adequate hydration Oxaliplatin - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Alkylating agent
  • irritant and vesicant, extra caution with the IV site
  • peripheral neuropathy is a dose-limiting side effect (exacerbated by cold temperatures)
  • avoid cold drinks and foods, wearing gloves and warm shoes
  • avoid breathing cold air Intrathecal Chemotherapy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - injects chemo directly into the subarachnoid space so it reaches the CNS
  • Often used to treat leukemia and lymphoma that has spread to the CNS since most IV chemo does not cross the blood-brain barrier only MTX and cytarabine via this route
  • IT hydrocortisone is often given at the same time to reduce inflammation
  • MUST be preservative free to avoid CNS irritation Chemotherapy-Induced N/V (CINV) Risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - younger
  • have a hx of low or no alcohol consumption
  • are female
  • hx of morning sickness
  • prone to motion sickness
  • have had chemo previously Types of CINV - CORRECT ANSWER >>> - Acute: occurring within 24 hours
  • Delayed: from 24 hour - 5 days after
  • Breakthrough: Occurring despite treatment
  • Anticipatory: triggered by taste, odor, memories, visions, anxiety r/t chemo
  • Refractory: occurring despite subsequent cycles when treatment failed in earlier cycles