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Patho Chapter 16 Endocrine, Summaries of Pathophysiology

East Coast Polytechnic Institute (ECPI)Pathophysiology

Patho Chapter 16 Endocrine Wall

Typology: Summaries

2025/2026

Uploaded on 06/20/2026

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Chapter 16 Endocrine System
1. What kind of control mechanism is indicated when increased blood
glucose levels stimulate
increased secretion of insulin?
a. Control by releasing hormones
b. Control by tropic hormones
c. Negative feedback control
d. Hypothalamus/hypophysis coordination
ANS: C
2. What is the most common cause of endocrine disorders?
a. Malignant neoplasm
b. Infection
c. Congenital defect
d. Benign tumor
ANS: D
3. Choose the statement that applies to type 1 diabetes mellitus.
a. Onset often occurs during childhood.
b. Relative insufficiency of insulin or insulin resistance develops.
c. It can be treated by diet, weight control and exercise, or oral
hypoglycemics.
d. Complications rarely occur.
ANS: A
4. Why does polyuria develop with diabetes mellitus?
a. Increased thirst and hypoglycemia
b. Ketoacidosis
c. Osmotic pressure due to glucose
d. Diabetic nephropathy
ANS: C
5. What is the cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?
a. Excess insulin in the body
b. Loss of glucose in the urine
c. Failure of the kidney to excrete sufficient acids
d. Increased catabolism of fats and proteins
ANS: D
6. What is a precipitating factor for diabetic ketoacidosis?
a. Skipping a meal
b. Anorexia
c. Serious infection
d. Insulin overdose
ANS: C
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Chapter 16 Endocrine System

  1. What kind of control mechanism is indicated when increased blood glucose levels stimulate increased secretion of insulin? a. Control by releasing hormones b. Control by tropic hormones c. Negative feedback control d. Hypothalamus/hypophysis coordination ANS: C
  2. What is the most common cause of endocrine disorders? a. Malignant neoplasm b. Infection c. Congenital defect d. Benign tumor ANS: D
  3. Choose the statement that applies to type 1 diabetes mellitus. a. Onset often occurs during childhood. b. Relative insufficiency of insulin or insulin resistance develops. c. It can be treated by diet, weight control and exercise, or oral hypoglycemics. d. Complications rarely occur. ANS: A
  4. Why does polyuria develop with diabetes mellitus? a. Increased thirst and hypoglycemia b. Ketoacidosis c. Osmotic pressure due to glucose d. Diabetic nephropathy ANS: C
  5. What is the cause of diabetic ketoacidosis? a. Excess insulin in the body b. Loss of glucose in the urine c. Failure of the kidney to excrete sufficient acids d. Increased catabolism of fats and proteins ANS: D
  6. What is a precipitating factor for diabetic ketoacidosis? a. Skipping a meal b. Anorexia c. Serious infection d. Insulin overdose ANS: C
  1. Which of the following may cause insulin shock to develop? a. Strenuous exercise b. Missing an insulin dose c. Eating excessively large meals d. Sedentary lifestyle ANS: A
  2. Which of the following indicates hypoglycemia in a diabetic? a. Deep, rapid respirations b. Flushed dry skin and mucosa c. Thirst and oliguria d. Staggering gait, disorientation, and confusion ANS: D
  3. Which of the following are signs of diabetic ketoacidosis in an unconscious person? a. Pale moist skin b. Thirst and poor skin turgor c. Deep rapid respirations and fruity breath odor d. Tremors and strong rapid pulse ANS: C
  4. Immediate treatment for insulin shock may include a. administration of bicarbonates. b. consumption of fruit juice or candy. c. induced vomiting. d. consumption of large amounts of water. ANS: B
  5. What causes loss of consciousness in a person with diabetic ketoacidosis? a. Toxic effects of excessive insulin b. Excessive glucose in the blood c. Metabolic acidosis d. Lack of glucose in brain cells ANS: C
  6. Which of the following does NOT usually develop as a complication of diabetes? a. Osteoporosis b. Nephropathy c. Impotence d. Peripheral neuropathy ANS: A
  7. How do many oral hypoglycemic drugs act?

a. Type 1 diabetic patients b. Type 2 diabetic patients c. Patients with a poor stress response d. Patients with a regular exercise and meal plan ANS: A

  1. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes Addison’s disease? a. Increased glucocorticoids b. Decreased glucocorticoids c. Deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) d. Deficit of T3 and T ANS: B
  2. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes myxedema? a. Increased glucocorticoids b. Decreased glucocorticoids c. Deficit of ADH d. Deficit of T3 and T ANS: D
  3. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes diabetes insipidus? a. Increased insulin b. Decreased glucocorticoids c. Deficit of ADH d. Deficit of T3 and T ANS: C
  4. What is caused by hyperparathyroidism? a. Hypocalcemia b. Tetany c. Bone demineralization d. Deficit of vitamin D ANS: C
  5. What is caused by hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism?
  6. Skeletal muscle twitching or spasm
  7. Weak cardiac contraction
  8. Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  9. Decreased serum phosphate level a. 1, 2 b. 1, 3 c. 2, 3 d. 3, 4 ANS: A
  10. Which of the following applies to acromegaly?

a. It occurs in infants and children. b. It causes excessive longitudinal bone growth. c. It results from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH). d. It does not change soft tissue growth. ANS: C

  1. Which of the following may cause goiter?
  2. Hyperthyroidism
  3. Hypothyroidism
  4. Lack of iodine in the diet
  5. Pheochromocytoma a. 1, 4 b. 2, 3 c. 1, 2, 3 d. 1, 2, 3, 4 ANS: C
  6. Which signs are typical of Graves’ disease? a. Facial puffiness, bradycardia, and lethargy b. Exophthalmos and tachycardia c. Delayed physical and intellectual development d. Goiter and decreased basal metabolic rate (BMR) ANS: B
  7. Characteristics of Cushing’s syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT a. heavy body and round face. b. atrophied skeletal muscle in the limbs. c. staring eyes with infrequent blinking. d. atrophy of the lymph nodes. ANS: C
  8. Which of the following is an effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy? a. Decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland b. An increased inflammatory response to irritants c. Hypotension and poor circulation d. Increased number of hypersensitivity reactions ANS: A
  9. Which of the following is an effect of Addison’s disease? a. Elevated blood glucose levels b. High blood pressure c. Low serum potassium levels d. Poor stress response ANS: D
  10. What is the most common cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

ANS: B

  1. Which of the following conditions may cause immunosuppression? a. Graves’ disease b. Acromegaly c. Cushing’s disease d. Diabetes insipidus ANS: C
  2. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC) more frequently develops in patients with a. type 1 diabetes. b. type 2 diabetes. c. Graves’ disease. d. hyperparathyroidism. ANS: B
  3. Which of the following is recommended for immediate treatment of hypoglycemic shock?
  4. If conscious, immediately give sweet fruit juice, honey, candy, or sugar.
  5. If unconscious, give nothing by mouth (require intravenous glucose 50%).
  6. Treat immediately with insulin.
  7. Give large quantity of clear fluids for shock. a. 1, 2 b. 1, 3 c. 2, 3 d. 1, 3, 4 ANS: A
  8. All these tissues use glucose without the aid of insulin EXCEPT a. liver. b. digestive system. c. exercising skeletal muscle. d. brain. ANS: A
  9. Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes include which of the following? a. Type 1 diabetes weight gain is common, and type 2 weight loss often occurs. b. Type 1 diabetes leads to fewer complications than does type 2 diabetes. c. Type 1 diabetes may be controlled by adjusting dietary intake and exercise, but type 2 diabetes requires insulin replacement.

d. Type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently in children and adolescents, and type 2 diabetes occurs more often in adults. ANS: D

  1. Complications of diabetes mellitus include a. peripheral neuropathy. b. frequent infections. c. cataracts. d. A, B, and C. ANS: D
  2. Which of the following often causes hyperparathyroidism? a. A malignant tumor in the parathyroid glands b. End-stage renal failure c. Osteoporosis d. Radiation involving the thyroid gland and neck area ANS: D
  3. Dwarfism is caused by a. excessive levels of somatotropin (GH). b. a deficit of somatotropin (GH). c. excessive levels of insulin. d. excessive levels of parathyroid hormone. ANS: B
  4. Which of the following results from a deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? a. Inappropriate ADH syndrome b. Gigantism c. Diabetes insipidus d. Myxedema ANS: C
  5. Goiters occur more frequently in persons living in the a. Great Lakes or mountainous regions. b. southwest United States. c. temperate regions. d. areas bordering the oceans. ANS: A
  6. Which of the following is caused by Graves’ disease? a. Hypermetabolism b. Decreased size of thyroid gland c. Bradycardia and hypothermia d. Decreased blood levels of T3, T4, and TSH
  1. Which of the following is a major function of the hormone norepinephrine? a. Inhibition of an excessive stress response b. Visceral and cutaneous vasoconstriction c. Increased force of heart contraction d. Vasodilation in skeletal muscle ANS: B
  2. Early signs of hyperglycemia include polyphagia, which means a. thirst. b. increased urine output. c. hunger. d. glucose in the urine. ANS: C
  3. Which of the following hormones is involved in both the stress response and the anti-inflammatory response? a. Aldosterone b. Norepinephrine c. Thyroxine d. Cortisol ANS: D
  4. Polydipsia occurs with diabetes mellitus when a. lack of insulin causes hunger. b. ketone levels rise in the blood. c. polyuria causes dehydration. d. glucosuria causes ketoacidosis. ANS: C
  5. Metabolic syndrome is marked by a. abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism. b. periodic hypotension. c. deficit of glucagon. d. early onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus. ANS: A
  6. Compensation mechanisms occurring in the early stage of diabetic ketoacidosis include a. Kussmaul’s respirations. b. polydipsia. c. ketonuria. d. seizures. ANS: A
  1. Which of the following may occur with a pituitary adenoma? a. Low blood pressure and bradycardia b. Headache and seizures c. Vomiting and diarrhea d. Loss of vision in one eye ANS: B
  2. Which of the following may cause hypertension? a. Hypoparathyroidism b. Hypoglycemia c. Pheochromocytoma d. Addison’s disease ANS: C
  3. Catabolic effects of Cushing’s syndrome include a. osteoporosis. b. hypertension. c. increased erythrocyte production. d. moon face and buffalo hump. ANS: A
  4. Blood glucose levels are increased by
  5. glucocorticoids.
  6. glucagon.
  7. epinephrine.
  8. norepinephrine.
  9. parathyroid hormone (PTH). a. 1, 2 b. 1, 2, 3 c. 2, 4, 5 d. 1, 3, 4, 5 ANS: B
  10. Which of the following are likely present in a patient immobilized for a long period of time? a. Hypocalcemia and low serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels b. Hypocalcemia and high serum PTH levels c. Hypercalcemia and low serum PTH levels d. Hypercalcemia and high serum PTH levels ANS: C
  11. Which of the following may cause high serum levels of parathyroid hormone? a. Hypoparathyroidism b. Chronic renal failure