Download pathophysiology unit 1 and more Summaries Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
🧠 HIGH-YIELD STUDY GUIDE (TEST-READY)
1. Immune Response (CORE TOPIC – ALWAYS TESTED)
🧠 2 Lines You MUST Know:
Primary response = first exposure → slow, IgM Secondary response = repeat exposure → faster, stronger, IgG
🧠 Steps of Immune Response (simplified “Barney style”)
- Recognition – body sees antigen (foreign invader)
- Activation – T & B cells wake up
- Response o B cells → make antibodies o T cells → kill infected cells
- Memory – memory cells formed (faster next time)
🧠 Key Players (TEST FAVORITES)
Cell Function Neutrophil s
First responders (phagocytosis) Macrophag es
Eat pathogens + present antigen
T cells Kill infected cells B cells Make antibodies
Memory cells Long-term immunity
🧠 Immunoglobulins (Know these!)
IgG → most abundant, long-term immunity
IgM → first antibody made IgA → mucosal (saliva, breast milk) IgE → allergies IgD → B-cell activation
🧠 Types of Immunity
Type Example
Active natural Getting sick
Active artificial Vaccines Passive natural Mom → baby
Passive artificial
Antibody injection
2. ⚠️ Autoimmune Disease
Body attacks itself Loss of self-tolerance Examples: o Lupus
o Rheumatoid arthritis o Multiple sclerosis
💡 Think: “immune system confused and attacking self”
3. 🧠 Infection Basics
🧠 Local vs Systemic
💡 AIDS = late stage HIV
5. ⚡ Electrolytes (HIGH PRIORITY)
🧠 Potassium (K+)
High (Hyperkalemia)
Low (Hypokalemia)
Weakness Weakness Cardiac arrhythmias ⚠️ Arrhythmias ⚠️
Peaked T waves Flat T waves
🧠 Calcium (Ca2+)
High (Hypercalcemia)
Low (Hypocalcemia)
Weak bones Tetany ⚠️ Kidney stones Muscle spasms
↓ reflexes ↑ reflexes
💡 Memory trick:
Hyper = sluggish Hypo = twitchy
6. 🧠 Acid-Base Balance (VERY TESTED)
pH <7.35=Acidosis ; pH >7.45=Alkalosis
🧠 Causes
Type Cause Respiratory acidosis
CO₂ retention (hypoventilation)
Type Cause Respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation
Metabolic acidosis DKA, diarrhea
Metabolic alkalosis Vomiting
💡 QUICK TIP:
Lungs = CO₂ problem Kidneys = HCO₃ problem
7. 🧠 Rule of 9s (Burns)
Used to estimate burn %:
Head = 9% Each arm = 9% Each leg = 18% Front torso = 18% Back = 18% Genitals = 1%
8. 🧠 Skin Lesions (Know Descriptions!)
Lesio n
Descripti on Macul e
Flat
Papule Raised
Vesicl e Fluid-filled
o HIV/AIDS o Skin lesions + rule of 9s
Monday (day before test)
Do practice questions + quick review
🧠 QUICK MEMORY HACKS
Hypo = twitchy Hyper = sluggish IgM = first IgG = long-term CO₂ = lungs
1. Which statement best describes the primary immune response?
A. Rapid and strong antibody production B. Involves IgG antibodies C. Occurs upon first exposure to antigen D. Produces long-lasting immunity immediately
2. A nurse is reviewing lab results. Which finding is consistent with hyperkalemia?
A. Muscle weakness and peaked T waves B. Tetany and seizures C. Flat T waves D. Increased reflexes
3. SATA
Which are functions of neutrophils? A. Produce antibodies B. First responders to infection C. Perform phagocytosis D. Provide long-term immunity E. Destroy bacteria
4. What type of immunity is obtained through vaccination?
A. Passive natural B. Active artificial C. Passive artificial D. Active natural
5. Which condition is classified as an autoimmune disorder?
A. Tuberculosis B. Lupus C. Influenza D. Tetanus
6. A patient is hyperventilating. What acid-base imbalance is expected?
A. Respiratory acidosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Metabolic alkalosis
7. Which immunoglobulin is responsible for allergic reactions?
A. IgG B. IgA C. IgE D. IgM
8. SATA
Which are signs of hypocalcemia? A. Muscle spasms B. Increased reflexes C. Lethargy D. Tetany E. Decreased nerve excitability
14. What percentage of the body does one leg represent in the rule of 9s?
A. 9% B. 18% C. 27% D. 36%
15. Which skin lesion is fluid-filled?
A. Macule B. Papule C. Vesicle D. Ulcer
16. Which electrolyte imbalance causes cardiac arrhythmias and weakness?
A. Hypercalcemia B. Hypokalemia C. Hypocalcemia D. Hypernatremia
17. Which immunoglobulin is produced first during infection?
A. IgG B. IgM C. IgA D. IgE
18. SATA
Which are examples of passive immunity? A. Breast milk antibodies B. Vaccination C. Antibody injection
D. Previous infection E. Maternal transfer
19. Which condition results from CO₂ retention?
A. Respiratory alkalosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Metabolic acidosis
20. Which organism is classified as a prion?
A. HIV B. Candida C. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease D. Streptococcus
21. Which WBC is responsible for destroying infected cells?
A. B cells B. T cells C. Neutrophils D. Basophils
22. Which is a localized infection?
A. Sepsis B. Influenza C. Abscess D. HIV
23. SATA
Which are signs of hypercalcemia? A. Weak bones B. Kidney stones C. Muscle spasms
D. Memory formation E. Destroy pathogens
29. Which is a sign of hypokalemia?
A. Peaked T waves B. Muscle spasms C. Flat T waves D. Hyperactivity
30. Which lesion is flat and discolored?
A. Papule B. Macule C. Vesicle D. Pustule
31. Which type of immunity results from getting sick naturally?
A. Passive artificial B. Active natural C. Passive natural D. Active artificial
32. Which electrolyte imbalance causes tetany?
A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypocalcemia C. Hypernatremia D. Hypokalemia
33. Which is a viral infection?
A. Strep throat B. Influenza C. Candida D. Tuberculosis
34. SATA
Which are characteristics of viruses? A. Require host cells B. Have cell walls C. Replicate independently D. Contain DNA or RNA E. Use host machinery
35. Which cell provides long-term immunity?
A. Neutrophils B. Memory cells C. Macrophages D. Basophils
36. Which condition is associated with hyperventilation?
A. Respiratory acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Metabolic acidosis
37. Which organism is treated with antibiotics?
A. Virus B. Fungus C. Bacteria D. Prion
38. SATA
Which are signs of systemic infection? A. Fever B. Fatigue C. Redness at wound site
D. Provide immunity memory E. Perform phagocytosis
44. Which type of infection affects the entire body?
A. Localized B. Systemic C. Opportunistic D. Acute
45. Which is a complication of HIV progression to AIDS?
A. Increased immunity B. Opportunistic infections C. Rapid healing D. Increased WBC count
46. Which imbalance is caused by diarrhea?
A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Respiratory acidosis
47. Which organism is a fungus?
A. HIV B. Streptococcus C. Candida D. Prion
48. SATA
Which are characteristics of bacteria? A. Living cells B. Require host C. Have cell walls
D. Can reproduce independently E. Treated with antibiotics
49. Which immune component is involved in allergy response?
A. IgG B. IgM C. IgE D. IgA
50. Which statement best describes passive immunity?
A. Body produces its own antibodies B. Immediate but short-term protection C. Requires memory cells D. Occurs after infection
🧠 ANSWER KEY (CHECK AFTER YOU FINISH)
1. C
2. A
3. B, C, E
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. C
8. A, B, D
9. B
10. B
11. B
12. C
13. A, C, D
41. B
42. B
43. A, C, D
44. B
45. B
46. B
47. C
48. A, C, D, E
49. C
50. B
1. Role of Pathophysiology in Diagnosis & Treatment
What pathophysiology means:
Study of how disease changes normal body function
Why it matters:
Helps identify what is going wrong Guides diagnosis Helps choose treatment
Example:
If you know asthma = bronchoconstriction + inflammation → You give bronchodilators + steroids
💡 Test tip: Patho = understanding the “WHY” behind symptoms and treatment
2. Pathophysiology Terminology (KNOW THESE)
Etiology = cause of disease Pathogenesis = how disease develops Signs = objective (you see it) Symptoms = subjective (patient feels it) Diagnosis = identifying disease Prognosis = expected outcome Acute = sudden, short-term Chronic = long-term
3. Cellular Adaptations
Cells adapt to stress before injury occurs:
Types:
Atrophy
