Download Pathophysiology Unit 2 and more Summaries Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
🦴 Core Topics Chapter 9: Musculoskeletal (MSK) 🦴 Pathophysiology: Osteoporosis (HIGH-YIELD)
Risk factors:^ ^ ↓ bone density → porous bones → fracture risk Manifestations:^ ^ Aging, menopause (↓ estrogen), low calcium/vit D Fractures (hip, spine)Loss of height Kyphosis 🦴 Disorder Arthritis Comparison Cause Key Features
Osteoarthritis (OA) Wear & tear Joint pain, stiffness Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Autoimmu ne Symmetrical joint inflammation Osteomyelitis Osteoporosis InfectionBone loss Bone pain, feverFragility fractures Fracture Trauma Pain, swelling, deformity 🦴 Early: Fracture Complications ShockFat embolism Compartment syndrome
Late: Delayed healing InfectionMalunion
🦴 Etiology: Gout
Manifestations:^ ^ ↑ uric acid Severe joint pain (often big toe)Redness, swelling
🦴 Bone Tumors Benign vs malignant Pain, swelling, possible fractures 🦴 Fibromyalgia Chronic pain syndrome FatigueTender points
🦴 Dislocations vs Sprains vs Strains Dislocation = bone out of joint SprainStrain = muscle/tendon injury= ligament injury
🦴 Chapter 10: Blood & Circulatory
Arterial: Pain with activity (claudication)
Venous:^ ^ Cool, pale skin SwellingWarm, red skin
🦴 DVT Blood clot in vein Risk: immobility 🦴 Chapter 11: Lymphatic System 🦴 Structures Lymph vessels Lymph nodesSpleen Thymus 🦴 Functions Fluid balance Immune defenseFilter pathogens
🦴 Lymphomas
Hodgkin Non- Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells No RS cells Predictable spread Random
❤️ Chapter 12: Cardiovascular Disorders 🦴 Pericarditis Pericarditis vs Endocarditis Inflammation of pericardiumChest pain (worse with breathing)
Endocarditis Infection of heart lining Fever, heart murmur 🦴 Types of Angina Stable → predictable, with activity UnstableVariant (Prinzmetal) → occurs at rest → due to spasm ⚠️
🦴 Angina Angina vs MI MI Temporary ischemia Permanent damage Relieved by rest NOT relieved
Confusion 🦴 Diagnostic Tests ECG EchocardiogramCardiac enzymes (troponin) Stress testCardiac catheterization
🦴 Atherosclerosis Plaque buildup in arteries Consequences: ↓ blood flow Risk of clot → MI or stroke 🦴 Arteriosclerosis vs Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis = stiff arteries Atherosclerosis = plaque buildup 🦴 Primary: Hypertension
Secondary:^ ^ No known cause Due to another condition 🦴 CAD: CAD, PAD, DVT
PAD: ^ Chest pain (angina) DVT:^ ^ Leg pain with walking Swelling, warmth 🦴 LAST-MINUTE HIGH-YIELD POINTS Left HF = lungs / Right HF = body Angina = temporary / MI = permanentStable = predictable / Unstable = dangerous DIC = clotting + bleedingOsteoporosis = fracture risk RA = autoimmune / OA = wear & tearArterial = cool/pale / Venous = warm/swollen
