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Patho Final Exam Study Guide, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Pathophysiology

A.T. Still University of Health Sciences (ATSU)Pathophysiology

Patho Final Exam Study Guide Patho Final Exam Study Guide

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2023/2024

Available from 07/23/2024

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Patho Final Exam Study Guide
1. Crohn's
Disease patho,
ssx
2. Ulcerative Colitis
patho, ssx
-Inflammation and ulcerations occurring
ANY- WHERE in GI tract from mouth to
anus
-Patchy, "skip" lesions
-Ulcerations may be full thickness (entire
lining)
-inflammation of Colon/Large Intestine ONLY
-Continuous ulcerations beginning in
rectum and moving upward
-Ulcerations only involve the mucosa and
submu- cosa (superficial)
-Higher risk for colon cancer
3. Cirrhosis Patho -Hepatocytes get replaced with fibrotic and
scarred
tissue
-Permanent and irreversible
4. Liver Disease ssx Early symptoms:
-Malaise
-Flatulence, RUQ heaviness/discomfort
Late symptoms:
-Portal HTN
-Jaundice (bilirubin buildup)
-Ascites
-Confusion/LOC
-Peripheral edema (low albumin in blood
= de- creased osmotic pressure)
-Hepatorenal syndrome
-Caput medusae (distention of veins)
-Bleeding risk (reduced clotting factors)
5. Jaundice patho -Too much bilirubin in the blood
-Yellow discoloration
6. Esophageal Varices
complications Can rupture resulting in bleeding in
esophagus
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1. Crohn's Disease patho, **ssx

  1. Ulcerative Colitis** patho, ssx -Inflammation and ulcerations occurring ANY- WHERE in GI tract from mouth to anus -Patchy, "skip" lesions -Ulcerations may be full thickness (entire lining) -inflammation of Colon/Large Intestine ONLY -Continuous ulcerations beginning in rectum and moving upward -Ulcerations only involve the mucosa and submu- cosa (superficial) -Higher risk for colon cancer
  2. Cirrhosis Patho -Hepatocytes get replaced with fibrotic and scarred tissue -Permanent and irreversible
  3. Liver Disease ssx Early symptoms: -Malaise -Flatulence, RUQ heaviness/discomfort Late symptoms: -Portal HTN -Jaundice (bilirubin buildup) -Ascites -Confusion/LOC -Peripheral edema (low albumin in blood = de- creased osmotic pressure) -Hepatorenal syndrome -Caput medusae (distention of veins) -Bleeding risk (reduced clotting factors)
  4. Jaundice patho -Too much bilirubin in the blood -Yellow discoloration 6. Esophageal Varices complications Can rupture resulting in bleeding in esophagus

-upper GI bleed - hematemesis

Blocking common bile duct and pancreatic duct Adhesions or strangulated hernia ssx: Central colicky intermittent pain -Frequent severe vomiting -Fluid imbalances and metabolic alkalosis (vomit- ing) -Mild abdominal distention

13. Large Bowel Obstruc- tions **causes

  1. How is Viral** Hepatitis transmitted? Colon cancer or volvulus ssx: Crampy, lower abdominal pain -absolute constipation -minimal or no vomiting -Massive abdominal distention A - Fecal/Oral B - Blood to blood/Sexual contact C - Blood to blood
  2. Celiac Disease patho Immune reaction to gluten leading to villi destruc- tion making them flattened
  3. Diverticulitis ssx Inflammation and infection of outpouchings within colon, usually due to blockage ssx: Fever, nausea, leukocytosis, LLQ pain
  4. Peritonitis patho Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity surrounding bowel, should be sterile Causes: Blood borne pathogen -Bowel perforation due to ruptured appendicitis, ul- cer or bowel ssx: sepsis, rigid/sever painful abdomen, fever, guarding, increased HR, distention, dehydration 18. Peptic Ulcer Disease - Gastric Ulcers **causes
  5. Peptic Ulcer Disease -** Duodenal Ulcers caus- es

Abdominal Hernias ssx Weaking of the abdominal musculature or in- guinal ring, allowing protrusion of abdominal con- tents(usually intestines) Risk factors: Male, obesity, pregnancy, heavy lifting, age, chronic cough, constipation

  1. Pancreatitis Patho Auto-digestion of pancreas due to activation of di- gestive enzymes within the pancreas Causes: Men - Alcoholism Women - Biliary disease
  2. Endometriosis Growth of endometrial tissue outside uterus ssx: Dysmenorrhea, pain/cramping, pain with bow- el movements or urination, excessive bledding, in- fertility 23. Cervical Cancer com- **mon cause
  3. Pelvic Inflammatory** Disease PID risk fac- tors Causes: HPV Infection of female reproductive organs -permanent damage, infertility Risk factors: Multiple sex partners -Unprotected sex -History of PID
  4. Testicular Torsion ssx Twisting of the cord ssx: sudden onset of unilateral scrotal pain -scrotum swelling -abdominal pain -frequent urination -fever
  1. Cryptorchidism Undescended testes - remain in abdomen or in- guinal canal

Active Natural immunity - Got the infection, and antibodies to help it from recurring Active Artificial Immunity - Completion of vaccine series Passive Natural Immunity

  • Mother passing to baby Passive Artificial Immunity - Through Monoclonal antibodies Redness - Mast cells release Histamine and Dila- tion

Heat - Increased chemical activity and blood flow Swelling - Accumulation of blood and damaged tissue Pain - Direct injury and Chemical irritants Loss of function - Due to pain and swelling

  1. Sepsis ssx Infection resulting in Severe inflammation, Unstable vital signs, Multi-organ failure -Begins with SIRS -SIRS and infection = Sepsis -Severe sepsis = Sepsis and signs of end- organ damage -Septic Shock 33. Nociceptive Pain ex- amples Somatic - skin, soft tissue, muscle, bone pain (fe- mur fracture) Visceral pain - internal organs, referred pain asso- ciated (spleen laceration, pancreatitis)
  2. Neuropathic Pain Nerve pain caused by injury to PNS or CNS -Numbness, shooting, burning, stabbing, shocking Causes: Diabetic Neuropathy, Guillain barre, pinched nerve, herpes zoster
  3. Alzheimer's patho Amyloid plaque formation in the brain -Impaired memory and personality changes -Progressive and incurable

-rigidity -forward tilt of trunk

  1. Multiple Sclerosis ssx Destruction of Myelin Sheath - inability to transmit signals ssx: Fatigue -Blurry/loss vision -incontinence -balance/gait issues -loss of cognition
  2. Botulism patho Bacterial infection Toxin from food poisoning -DESCENDING paralysis -Blocks ACH at neuromuscular junction Causes: Improper canning/preserving, Honey
  3. Tetanus patho, ssx Bacterial infection Happens through open wound -Blocks Inhibitory nerves in brain -Excitatory nerves take over -> Several muscle spasms -LOCK JAW ssx: Stiff jaw, stiff neck, arched back, fever 40. Acute Kidney Injury **Pre-renal causes
  4. Acute Kidney Injury** In- tra-renal causes 42. Acute Kidney Injury Post-renal causes

Decreased renal blood flow Causes: hemorrhage, dehydration, hypovolemia Damage to Kidney itself Causes: Drugs, disease

- HTN

  • Oliguria (<400 mL/24 hrs)

49. What happens to GFR when kidney dis- eased? What happens to crea- tinine when diseased? What happens to BUN when diseased? Clearance of creati- **nine when diseased?

  1. Lower UTI - Acute** **Cys- titis ssx/elderly
  2. Upper UTI - Acute** Pyelonephritis ssx
    • Proteinuria
    • Edema
    • "cola-colored" urine (blood) GFR - Decrease Creatinine - Increase BUN - Increase Clearance
    • Decrease Bladder Infection -Dysuria -Frequency -Urgency -Cloudy or bloody Urine -No systemic symptoms Elderly clients - Confusion Bacteria reaches kidney -Dysuria -Frequency -Urgency -Fever -Flank pain Urosepsis possible
  1. Urge Incontinence Detrusor muscle overactivity -Sudden frequent urges
  2. Overflow Incontinence Chronic bladder distension due to retention/ob- struction Risk factors: BPH, incomplete emptying, males>fe- males 55. Functional Inconti- **nence
  3. Nephrolithiasis - Kid-** ney stones patho, ssx Psychiatric or CNS causes, cannot hold -Strokes, Alzheimer's ssx: Flank pain, N/V Causes: Oxalate stones - too much Oxalate(calci- um), not enough fluid
  4. Cellular Injury causes Cells exposed to severe

stress -cannot maintain homeostasis