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Pathology chapter 1 notes
pathology - the study of disease, specifically the study of the structure and function of the body as it is affected by disease pathos - Greek word for disease or suffering logos - word for science or "the study of" Hippocrates - Greek physician who did a lot to advance the study of medicine and disease father of medicine - Hippocrates Hippocratic Oath - professed by modern day physicians and was based on Hippocrates ideas and ethical practice of the medical profession Rudolph Virchow - German professor who made significant contributions to the field by elaborating his theories on the cellular basis of disease father of cellular pathology - Rudolph Virchow Gross Pathology - studies changes in the structure and function of the body which can be observed with the unaided eye Microscopic, Cellular or Histo-Pathology - studies changes that occur in the body at microscopic level General Pathology - deals with general or broad disease, such as necrosis or inflammation which may affect the entire body or widespread tissues and organs Special Pathology - studies disease processes affecting individual body areas or systems, such as pathology of the respiratory systems or diseases of the skin Pathological Anatomy -
deals with the study of tissues which have been removed from the body for pathological study. If they were removed during surgery, as a biopsy, it may be referred to as surgical pathology, or if removed during autopsy, it would be called autopsy pathology Clinical Pathology - deals with the laboratory study of, and the performance of standardized tests on, body fluids and secretions, such as blood and urine tests, or cultures and smears of various types Physiological Pathology - refers to studying the functional changes in the body resulting from disease Medical/Legal Pathology (Forensic Pathology) - that field of pathology which deals with both the medical and legal issues surrounding death Autopsy - (from Greek words for "self and sight") used to refer to the examination of the body after death in order to determine the cause of death and/or the existence of various disease conditions post-mortem examination - Latin words for after and death necropsy - Greek word for a state of death, post-mortem examination of the body health - condition of being of sound body, mind and soul especially free from disease or pain Disease - any change in the structure or function of the body as a result of injury to the tissues dis- - to free of ease - meaning a state of well being or lack of pain Acute - describes a disease with a relatively short onset and short duration Chronic - refers to a disease with a slower onset and a generally longer duration Fulminating Disease - acute disease which is particularly severe and sudden in onset and often proves fatal Recurrent - to come back, or recur, is used to describe diseases which show alternating increases and decreases in their symptoms
Iatrogenic - disease which results from a physician's treatment of a patient Malformations (anomalies) - any defect in formation, structure, or position of a body part Aplasia - absence of a body part, Amelia is a form of aplasia in which one or more limbs is missing Hypoplasia - under development of a body part, phocomelia is a form of hypoplasia where the proximal portions of the extremities are absent or poorly formed Spina bifida - a defect in the walls of the lower part of the spinal column where the bones do not form properly and may result in a protrusion of the spinal cord and membranes out of the spinal cavity. (Congenital fissure of the spinal cavity) Polydactylism - an excess number of finger and toes Hernia - protrusion of an organ through the wall of the body cavity in which it is contained Fistula - an abnormal tract or channel through the tissues, connecting one body cavity with another, or connecting a cavity with the surface of the body Cyst - a sac like structure, containing fluid or a semi-solid substance resulting from abnormal development of tissues, obstruction of ducts, or infections Down Syndrome (Mongolism) - genetic defect resulting in various degrees of mental retardation, a dwarfed physique and certain characteristic abnormalities of the head and extremities. Lesions - structural changes produced in tissues as a result of disease Organic diseases - have readily identifiable characteristic lesions associated with them Functional Diseases - have no characteristic lesion when they occur like migraines Symptom - used to describe subjective indications of the presence of disease in the body, not apparent or observable by the doctor
Sign - objective indication of the presence of disease, like fever, can be observed by the doctor Syndrome - a group of symptoms or signs which usually appear together to indicate the presence of a particular disease Diagnosis - identification of a disease Prognosis - prediction about the probable outcome of a disease Remission (abatement) - has been a let up in the severity of a disease, with diminished signs and symptoms Exacerbation - a sudden increase in the severity of a disease Complication - any unfavorable condition which occurs during the course of a disease Etiology - the study of the causes of disease Pathogenesis - mechanism by which a disease is caused Predisposing factors - they increase one's susceptibility to a disease, but do not actually cause it Exiting (immediate) factors - actually do cause the disease
