Physiology Study Notes: Nutrition and Respiration, Study notes of Zoology

Comprehensive notes covering the physiology of nutrition and respiration in animals. Prepared for BSc/MSc Zoology and Biotechnology students for exam preparation and quick conceptual understanding. Key topics covered: • Digestive system structure and function • Nutrient absorption and metabolism • Respiratory system anatomy and mechanisms • Gas exchange and transport • Regulation of respiratory and nutritional processes

Typology: Study notes

2024/2025

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o | Poe Joloa 4 of _Nutwitéon path ° } i: 7 4 & Respiration > ; ion of Mocronutyiemtx 5 ; Cou I camobugcrates , — Prcteimg 4 fers forrn aL major ¢ pork of our toody) | tier. e ew Apocronatirlerts lane, oso e/of ley frowimete primcefres 2 food: whey ave ‘nevctect a) j butt: he ametronutyvient4 of food emelue Water , amin eroh§, & vitomims . | They are alto Clot on protective primetteds, 3 | Carbotucnate _cktaestion : e Sel Carbo tayhbate kigertion SOVtSK tm the mouth & Obout, U 20% of tt “ aipestes tm te mb Uth: ! r? Secreted vi we Parotio | glorels. ~~, (Mattese Starer, $ a Pegeeen (Pk 6-8) 0 || CesophagusS » No heaestion | 4 Oteys here 9m hy peergs CP! & susatlowins | dequltinbetion "4 perestalsés 7 v e Si tomeath » She e@ - AL has pu Bm yk ae ream ains imoetiwe- So te CorbohydWate —_ hgestion beocked. The ———sbokus (feof crewerl "4 mined z Kolin) —— -mexes Ae te Stormath & os (FL) a Chayme- mee ae Somat imbestineg 43 Here We pool &% mixecf Be Positive... 4 CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner DATE_[_] & Pomerectic juice & Ontestimat : oF fucee ( seceusU onterieus ) ae The ponereotec juice Conk pins pamevestic amylose Ve Amytopsin ) __£ at C4 mer C4 stad, imto rm altose, , Sow tmtestimal jewice. contains ; | PO tm bt intestidt brush ber ctor p if org egom OA = Sexkrtnne , _ Glucpamelose, y - | (Ww acting om _ olgosectharides Y Voom tabling Pp | omen. V nam aU scimple _ sugova) _4V »_-L Martase., Suervate & Lathe. a C Pp Mattose —MRURSe , Glucose + Glucose pk Sucrose Sunvase _o, Gtuwse + Fructose a ool ONueXLOAe © pt i |__ Lactose __ettate 5 Oeucose + Galactose LESS f SRST ‘ Proteim —__ofegestion + 4 6 F Y hr (youth > No protein higestion neers f el 0 e Oesopipgus » Heve mo protein — egestinn once. ¢ Stormably > See nee | present, 9 i _stwmaen g hos pl of he i é Converts te » f | imactive pepsimogen (_seovetect ty cae ae 7 ott U , on - ; extts ) imko ackworted pepe fais | activated pepsin Comerts tae protims FI into __peptedes: ¢ | et Pepscnogem eee, Pepsin ( Enetofepticlose} eee cance le Be Positive.. é i CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner a } [epeistes Coreg fF Dipepesrler + Amino arich ee aa = ° Gutertiinal Jucee Conkioens Vay toes 5 Orn legm 04 i ai rp 2) Ww Entero foptcctose Converts * ; po oL Jrabsimogen Enterofepid ase , Sryfsen. p il U ; vl ‘ ae ) Dmimofeh ticlase, Convert 5: a ae |" Popeides GminepefEAe> annimo acids i 'y e). hefoptedose ComuertS ! A tT : 5 é Defeptisle. bepepadese , annimo oetel. ; ¢-— f Wz > Diao ston nf fors + — - 0 yew tod lave imgesteot as brialyc- erccers. G VC ¢ 4 - whe oltgestion of fot, SOLA om \d Atormath V4 is! Cobnbeeteof a 8 Arpt imkesune . Tew | rg x J PL. dow fot, kigestion és Ustefase lev Cf _ [ Steafkin: v az ¢ — | Uefase’ ——_ememe stem im gat A Thence WU mo hgestion of fat 7 OLS - So U | ; ae Ee Bets (ok . aa tfose, Cinsece) te Si vesceval, pees : a j ‘— CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner DATE:__/_/__ Eumetitons of __fat. Bed as Maciel: tee, It netps ty Vine absorbtion of fat souTke |_vitameins a Regutaticon of ote Levanto Qn Stomach , the ehueg cots Yyomogem colts seerete tae thine Lo hose Be fat, olige skinny. = | dn | sma intestine tune are secrveXeongs Bole (fron tier) | Pamereati: juice | Grtesein al Li! | tg | No_emryme ts prowmt | Pamereatic tipase | Y pur We contidéns ! | 9ntestinal bile OAKS | | “poke The ie ets 5 Sockium gla Choclelate ¥ Sodium Cawyehs tate breaks d Cot ced ones lo¢ es Ctl ms Crmerk sification. hey fam ohhen fat er OPS U present Lange, harfoce anew |! Lifase |, thus imeosing U eww ee aceis = a (6) Cz ~0.-~c- R Cte — ol l ee [seni i Ch - 0o- b= Re pase Cy-0-t-Ra + Oy -C-& ; HzO = i Latte, C42 -.0-0.- Ry Chap-U-R, aul Sista cena lichen, corte Ay Cm Be Positive. CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner DATE:__/_—-/-— Passive absorption . petive ontop 7 a mateyials move along. Matertals : -_ we concentration U| the Comemnation grocitentl aotierd « | ° Ht we DTP _&s _veqguévecf Geucote , “atactose » ° I OMUYS bey V Aaming accols ave Aabtorb- i). || Semple ke dpusidn eof bey wing ATP: (lex Skyberot ). ¢ i losnoscs ( & water) ia) || faccectateol ehifpersion ( ex. Fructose > Gw-5 ). | ef lan a 6) me) : =, ( Uy Lprobee t € gt Kasia Deffusert an Fal | ER. eel Shes: si Piper i FF bles ¥ ae rn or Be Positive... 4 CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner 6 £ = Gastrointestinal Hormones - Dat ) Shere are he Bpeetod, set__of f r Levmones ¢ are. ze dlr as | , gastro imterstinal peptiol Shese , ( hevemon es ane |! iain bn te ; seattered ————_ emoloertne Teeter of U ' gastro tntestimatl tra ( Stomath| # Crkestire) 5 -| 0 te, veg utate te fumetions of , oer ileestinadd “em | 1) I 5 - || fettoweng ane some bard gastrointestinal || Lieronon Wis : l v 4 tL). fastrim > __froctuced from Stomach . 2) || Seevetin 9 [procticzed Ifom —_ Gntestine . 4 3). || Cholece ste Renin > | prectuscert fbm _ Ontestine - 4 4). || & iP Uf CLucose bretuceol émsutinotreplee | harmon.) 4 6 _ proctuced fee emtestene | _ bptite | t ) (| Goastyin : " @) | 9¢ os Froctuced ‘4 we Y%-ceus of Atom. i al SChomreebers doy _ ts ryelense, wit be ? doptides , | amino aus , ead? , | dirtier tion of Atom ae. & a fumetions of gastrem . eo, i 9 stimurotes VY ae fareetat ets to ¢ VELESE yu : WD 9 jtharuh ates the Chef ees to bo Koen 00, pepsinozem: / hose al 96 causes hy rowth of Gastric — mucosa, (trophic U ehect) | d ‘es eo) 96 COUKES. the reek ton of pp j eee Positive,. } CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner DATE:_L_[__ bladder to -veeease Atle > Pumetinns of eee ae I. Stimulates | dameveetic eels. ee. i) || 9t Cases te corLtvactton of gatl beastdey ( Cholagque). Pog i) | 9 Causes a vetaration of Aphencter of Otel é- fae ot ol Toe causes tt Camtvaction | cloner of pytorée Aplimeter: as v). Foe IU causes | ae growth of panereas. vi). IE oxgonents én taal! fuer of feevetbin [ ¢ / | aN \ / fn [| L \ i It & the fort trevmone ce seovereof ty 1902 yd Staking i aw tiny -|| 96 & sovvetbel bey Y S- eeee J of olirvefemum & ton J Moo hes bod th release Aermbly tL acthtta, IC preven ee U 7 of ut __ tom) ig lot gtdenutates tre fanoveatic tuert eels to_froctuce —hevarbomate tom ( HCos). Be Pasitive,. CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner DATE: __/_/__ She becanbonate Lons travers to the ctuodolernem & nertrOtt0r ef the acectite, of ctuoelenmum 2 -ve Perot hat. | | a _ moe > |. fencetions of _ Seeretin i So stimulate the famereatic _oluet, ees to fprokuce cox | tons ii) J So mbeatratire thy aetl Oy of Aiu0cfemum. [u).| GIP ( Glucose induced imsutimotreptue peptide a hormone ). Ae -|| 90. & froctuceh fom tree {K- ees _of dlecoofemerm, | | - || She berms jor ts reteset thee fresence of | glucose 5 peptides 4 fobt., aciols. | Y / D) ? > Fumetions of £9 Pp. i) 9t Ske to yelemse f imsetin It also ig hthas tre stomach __ sevvetions. Be Positive, CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner DATE:__£_/_— % of qostrie aeich Keerehwon Ci fiase! al aig fi ° It es omecttateof bea ; i a), | Frearketown of food C7] proteins & __ 4). olustention of | ' Stom ah, Both & things feng reperes |] neta oblongata Uy ven Vogel neve veprones V/ wre, sent ack Va stor ae lg there OCLLLYS imerente im wee seeretion of Ht, fopinenem & soc B).| Gntestinat Phase : || 9 OLAS when fool __veaebes to Arm ol imtestine- / Root, 10 Io of goAtrie aetof Aery elton [takes peace Fin ris forse | 9¢ ts | mectiatet by: I a) at-tom ton of we 9 intestimat fart where “_4ooel |. és present: ! - || &s émithal poose I bs Korrvetorey While os te Latey Wittig, Bs embibktove, — betor Keer etn imbibits the prootuction U of "> pefsimngen gastrin. | / w|| tresembe “of aaastvim. / wa U | > Reaulation of Liastrie _ Keorebiipn: The 4 te Lee eXLonrg is __vequbaterf i StimUbaters & Gay titles: =| Slbonetators ° Newrot ( vagus _newe). ° or» histamine) : Hormones ( i Be Positives. 4 CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner Pett i CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner DATE:_[_|__ Joe cekkulose is cae tually, = B- Omeylase ce eteaved te cellilose . at / B- iy Glycoscotic Lond. Juve ts_—retbole of taupfrvotuet 5s _watany a OPue- vim | Occurs / 5 Methane , 2. he, Cox & CHy fovmeol én fernentation frvcess ve, fovaritte? to escape ty bbelehing of a —tuveetation [| a ‘vefeenl 7 thet, U enpels gos nots, from Atomoath g DesO brace Cervouty amrouth)- the Yemen es Vato edd u or fermentation 4ag ) KH Z othe in os horney Comb. | A 2 main Chamber Ve & YeSponsibbe for regurgitation | Yumination a muse! contihetions. Omaster + aiker n of lpatey ? Lheltroly tes 4 L acts! —-& ——onbmevals U T She yuminant —_catf have am 0 eho-piag eal groove, 7 prevemts te Be Positive., CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner DATE:__/_/_— ots ato tm ws tye Kt math 4 vesembles we Stomach of — ngm- ruminants gt és responsible fr tre teychrokigtS_of protein | frooteeets: 7 ¢d ia [ | es Pata 7 Struct of — Puminant, Stomach. TT RimeLatinn _of bumaer a threst Hunger us: lie fbadieologtcat, fiamomeron © occurs "9 been of 1 U belbogerar | chamges throug oud thy [ Loofy U g pegn A _H9t ow U nee Eo) eats Y ty ord av Ve U mountain emerge level. : Dbferive is gembe, a adescre to eats Stare! ove, 3 Cmbb- Luvmnones ig an comp ape By bunger Athmulation »¥ Be Positive... a4 CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner DATE:_L_/_— ner aa av / i \S Ne’ nN uf _\ ¥ [te Caer ay -“Ve 7 \ Leptin VA roe soos —S U | : ; | OPO otifose Stomach Caen Theat : I means am ange to brim te fotate, wWatey Y Oy ta bola 2 loss G5 CREM OIC, surcating Y Uy povolwm be thr est Vomitiong ) U - into-he Y of salty foot. > Oxmotic Crest U | Chere 3 Aecrvease & watery Content Be Positive... CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner oy bear? —\ohueme iy tL, bodes , tt 4emseot fay the grammar cots of hones . U These, U cetus Becrveke lam £7 see efof a vere cf arty QW protein eet amg to tensin (prota a coop Zz Liver) x - Conberts tt T.- énto——Y anaén toms She __angeotenn’n T_ is___aated U oxpon tag nc [ Y amgintemain Commenting emtyone ) ge gars Comvertedt to amaiotemsin ot. YU She amagintensin IT apes! te adrenal cortex 4 allows the Revol mens to retatr ty wattys & moves to thy pitutary glemel 4 imitcating ae / wa V behavtour: 0 Ls Inacole our hyain there, ane clusters ot two Ceppes of osmotic x eetls — Vor ( vaselutow Orgen at lLarmina __termimaris ) & SFO (sus! fornical _ovaam). | these YU veeeftors AEnke the — Coneamti- vation of lama intensen al & — beewof voli ¢e- / H end! concentration és bay ther & / aetivates thy, om ection id preoptic _rueteex [ MPN) £ emitiates we! cbrinhing bebantowr CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner