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Psyc 435 final exam with correct answers
What is abnormal psychology concerned with? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ understanding the nature, causes and treatment of mental disorders What is family aggregation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ whether a disorder runs in families 7 indicators of abnormailty - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. subjective distress
- maladaptiveness
- statistical delivery
- violation of the standards of society
- social discomfort
- irrationality and unpredictability
- dangerousness DSM definition of a mental disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ A syndrome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbance in behaviour, emotional regulation or cognitive functioning Advantages of classification - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ Provides us with nomenclature and enable us to structure information in a more helpful manner
Disadvantages of classification - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ Use of shorthand leads to a loss of information, there can be some stigma associated with a having a psychiatric diagnosis, and stereotyping What is epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ the study of the distribution of diseases, disorders or health related behaviours in a given population Difference between prevalence and incidence - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ prevalence refers to the number of active cases in a population, incidence refers to the number of new cases that occur over a given period of time What is external validity - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ The extent to which we can generalize results of a study What is internal validity - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ The degree of confidence we can have in the results of a particular study What is a correlation coefficient? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ the strength of a correlation What is statistical significance? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ probability that results are due to chance
- blood (sanguis)
- phlem
- bile (choler)
- black bile (melancholia) These fluids combined in different proportions in different individuals, and determines a person's temperament plato's opinion on mental illness - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ Responses of the whole organism, reflecting its internal state. Such persons were not responsible for their acts and should not receive normal punishment. aristotle's opinion on mental illness - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ agreed with aristotles theory of the bile, and thought very hot bile generated amorous desires, verbal fluency, and suicidal impulses what country was the earliest civilization to attend to mental disorders - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ china, but then regressed to a belief in supernatural forces as causal agents what is mass madness - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ the widespread occurrence of group behaviour disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria what is tarantism - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ groups of people would suddenly start to jump, dance, and go into convulsions
What is lycanthropy? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ A condition in which people believe themselves to be possessed by wolves what is pinel's experiment - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ tested his views that patients with mental illness should be treated with kindness. removed chains from patients, provided sunny rooms and permitted exercise what is moral management? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ emphasized the patients' moral and spiritual development and rehabilitation of their character rather than their disorders what is the mental hygiene movement? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ advocated the physical well being of patients, received no help for mental problems, created by Dorothy Dix what is neurasthenisia - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ an old condition that involved pervasive feelings of low mood, lack of energy, and physical symptoms related to demands of civilization what is the deinstitutionalization movement? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ during the latter of the 20th century vigorous efforts were made to close down mental hospitals and return people who were psychiatrically disabled to the community, considered a more humane treatment 4 major themes in abnormal psychology in the 20th century - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. biological discoveries
- the development of a classification system for mental disorders
4 categories of biological factors that seem relevant to the development of maladaptive behaviour - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. genetic vulnerabilities
- brain dysfunction and neural plasticity
- neurotransmitter and hormonal abnormalities
- temperament what are polymorphisms? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ naturally occurring variations of genes 3 ways in which an individuals genotype may shape their environment - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. genotype has passive effect on environment
- genotype has evocative effect on environment
- genotype has active effect on environment 3 primary methods used in behaviour genetics - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. family history method
- twin method
- adoption method what are linkage analysis studies - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ attempt to determine the actual location of genes responsible for mental disorders
what are association studies - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ compare frequencies of a group with a disorder and a group without a disorder of certain genetic markers that are known to be located on a particular chromosome how is the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis activated - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. corticotropin-releasing hormones travel from hypothalamus to pituitary gland
- pituitary gland releases adreno-corticotropic hormone, stimulates adrenal gland to produce epinephrine and cortisol
- cortisol provides negative feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary to decrease release of adrenaline and cortisol 5 dimensions of temperament - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1) Fearfulness
- irritability and frustration
- Positive affect
- Activity level
- attentional persistence and effortful control 3 dimensions of adult personality - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. neuroticism
- extraversion
- constraint
what is the behavioural approach? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ focus on the effects of environmental conditions on the acquisition, modification and possible elimination of various types of response patterns what is cognitive psychology? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ involves the study of basic information processing mechanisms such as attention and memory, as well as higher mental processes such as thinking, planning, and decision making what is the cognitive behavioural perspective? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ focuses on how thoughts and information processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behaviour what is attribution style? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ a way in which individuals tend to assign causes to events 4 types of parenting styles - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. authoritative
- authoritarian
- permissive/indulgent
- neglectful/uninvolved 6 factors that can have detrimental effects on a child's development - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. early deprivation or trauma
- problems in parenting style
- marital discord and divorce
- low socioeconomic status and unemployment
- maladaptive peer relationships
- prejudice and discrimination archaeology and early writings indicate the first people to think of the brain as the site of mental functions were the ______ - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ ancient Egyptians which of the following factors has a significant effect on the rates of severe mental illness among americans? a. family size b. gender c. geographical region of country d. political affiliation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ b. gender which variable is manipulated in an experiment? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ independent What did benjamin rush use as his principle remedies? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ bloodletting and the tranquilizer chair understanding the causes of mental disorders is important because - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ such knowledge might make both the prevention and cure of mental disorders possible
what is the finger oscillation test - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ measures the speed at which an individual can depress a lever with the index finger what is a digit span test - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ test of short term memory where a sequence of numbers is administered orally What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ Client responses to inkblots are used to assess perceptual reactions and other psychological functioning what is the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ them most widely used personality test consisting of 550 items covering physical condition and psychological states what two types of discrimination are common in the work place - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. access discrimination
- treatment discrimination MRI vs fMRI - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ MRI studies brain anatomy fMRI studies brain function PET scan function - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ provides metabolic portraits by tracking natural compounds in the brain
What is the brief psychiatric rating scale - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ structured and quantifiable format for rating clinical symptoms, consists of 24 scales what is the hamilton rating scale for depression - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ similar to brief psychiatric rating scale but more specific what is the thematic apperception test - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ uses a series of simple pictures and subject is instructed to make up stories what is the sentence completion test - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ consists of the beginning of sentences where the client is asked to respond freely what are the 5 ethical issues in assessment - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. potential cultural bias
- theoretical orientation of the clinician
- underemphasis on the external situation
- insufficient validation
- inaccurate data or premature evaluation what is the dimensional approach - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ it is assumed that a person's typical behaviour is the product of intensities along several dimensions
- T cell, becomes activated when macrophages detect antigens and start to engulph them what are cytokines - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ small protein molecules that serve as messengers and allow immune cells to communicate with each other 2 main categories of cytokines - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. proinflammatory cytokines, augment the immune response
- antiinflammatory cytokines, decrease the response of the immune system what are telomeres - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ protective end parts of chromosomes What is type A personality - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ characterized by excessive competitive drive, extreme commitment to work, impatience or time urgency and hostility what is type d personality - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ tendency to experience negative emotions and to feel insecure and anxious What is adjustment disorder? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ psychological response to a common stressor that results in behavioural or emotional symptoms, begins within 3 months of stressor
What is acute stress disorder? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ development of anxiety symptoms within one month of exposure to an extreme trauma 4 main symptoms of PTSD - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. intrusion
- avoidance
- negative alterations in cognitions and mood
- arousal and reactivity biological causal factors for PTSD - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ -having s/s form of the serotonin transporter gene -reduced hippocampal size sociocultural causal factors for PTSD - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ -being a member of a minority group -returning to a negative and unsupportive environment what is stress-inoculation training - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ treatment for PTSD, prepares people to tolerate an anticipated threat by changing the things they say to themselves throughout a stressful event 6 treatments for PTSD - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. telephone hotlines
- crisis intervention
- psychological debriefing
- antidepressants/antipsychotics
- prolonged exposure
-antidepressants what is agoraphobia - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ most commonly feared situations include crowded places biological causal factors for panic disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ - increased amygdala activation -moderate heritability -increased serotonergic activity -low levels of GABA psychological causal factors of panic disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ -cognitive theory of panic -interoceptive conditioning -internal cues prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ approximately 5.7% of population, approximately twice as common in women 5 primary types of compulsive rituals - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. cleaning
- checking
- repeating
- ordering or arranging
- counting prevalence of OCD - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 2-3%, common in divorced and unemployed people biological causal factors for OCD - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ -moderate genetic heritability -specific genetic polymorphisms -basal ganglia abnormalities -higher activity in 2 parts of frontal cortex -increased serotonin treatments for OCD - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ -exposure and response prevention -CBT -medication -brain surgery prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1-2% of population, equal in men and women 3 similarities between body dysmorphic disorder and anorexia - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ 1. excessive concern about one's appearance
- dissatisfaction with one's body
- distorted imagine of certain features of one's body
