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PSYC |\ 450 |\Final |\Exam |\with |\answers
cutaneous |\senses |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Responsible | for |\perceptions |\stimulated |\by |\the |\skin |(e.g., |\touch |\and | pain); |\Grasping, |\protecting |\against |\damage, |\motivating | sexual |\activity Proprioception |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Position |\of |\body | and |\limbs |(Vestibular |\influences) kinesthesis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Movement |\of |\body | and |\limbs |(Vestibular |\influences) skin |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\Heaviest |\organ
- |\Largest |\sensory |\system
- |\Prevents |\body |\fluids |\from |\escaping
- |\Protects |\the |\body |\from |\bacteria, |\chemical |\agents, |\dirt, | etc.
- |\Provides |\us |\with |\information |\about |\various |\stimuli Epidermis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔outer |\layers |\of |\the | skin |(dead |\skin |\cells)
Dermis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔middle |\layer |\of |\skin | below |\epidermis Mechanoreceptors |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔receptors | that |\respond |\to |\mechanical |\stimulation, |\like |\pressure, | stretching |\and |\vibration Merkel |\receptors |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔found |\in |\the | valleys |\of |\finger |\prints; |\smallest |\receptive |\fields; |\high | spatial |\resolution; |\form |\and |\texture |\coding; |\can |\become | malignant; |\25% |\of |\mechanoreceptors |\in |\hand Meissner's |\corpuscles |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔sensitive | touch |\receptors |\in |\the |\dermis Ruffini |\cylinder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔fires | continuously |\to |\stimulation; |\associated |\with |\perceiving | stretching |\of |\skin Pacinian |\corpuscles |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔respond |\to | deep |\pressure |\and |\vibration |(fires |\when |\pressure |\is |\first | administered |\and |\when |\it |\is |\removed); |\recording |\from | fibers; |\assisted |\with |\PC |\shows |\they |\respond |\poorly |\to |\slow |\or |\constant |\pushing |\and |\respond |\well |\to |\high |\rates |\of | vibration
- |\less |\spacing |\between |\Merkel |\receptors
- |\Cortical |\mechanisms |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The | better |\acuity |\is |\associated |\with |\what? receptive |\fields |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔area |\on |\the |\skin | that, |\when |\stimulated, |\influences |\the |\firing |\rate |\of |\a | particular |\neuron cortical |\magnification |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Occurs | when |\a |\disproportionately |\large |\area |\on |\the |\cortex |\is | activated |\by |\stimulation |\of |\a |\small |\area |\on |\the |\receptor | surface spatial |\cues |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔relatively |\large | surface |\elements; |(e.g., |\bumps |& |\grooves) |\felt |\when |\the | skin |\moves |\across |\a |\surface |\AND |\when |\it |\is |\pressed |\onto | elements temporal |\cues |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔information |\about |\the |\form |\of |\vibration |\due |\to |\movement |\over |\the |\surface duplex |\theory |\of |\texture |\perception |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔The |\idea |\that |\texture |\perception |\is |\determined |\by |\both |\spatial |\and |\temporal |\cues |\that |\are |\detected |\by |\two |\types
|\of |\receptors. |\Originally |\proposed |\by |\David |\Katz |\and | named |\the |"__________ |__________" |\by |\Hollins. Selective |\Adaptation |\Experiment |(Hollins |\et |\al.) |- | CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\1st |\adaptation |\condition |- |\skin | was |\vibrated |@ |\ 10 |\vibrations |/ |\sec |(Hz) |\for |\ 6 |\minutes | [Meissner |\corpuscle]
- |\2nd |\adaptation |\condition |- |\skin |\was |\vibrated |\at |\ 250 |\Hz | [Pacinian |\corpuscle]
- |\After |\adaptation, |\participants |\ran |\their |\hand |\over |\a |"standard" |\texture |\and |\a |"test" |\texture. |\Participants | indicate |\which |\texture |\is |\finer. active |\touch |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Exploring |\an |\object, |\usually |\with |\fingers |\and |\hands haptic |\perception |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔3D |\objects | explored |\with |\hands passive |\touch |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔When |\touch | stimuli |\are |\applied |\to |\the |\skin
- |\sensory |\system
- |\motor |\system
neuron |\ 1 |\in |\cortex |(S1) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔responds |\best |\to |\horizontally-oriented |\edge |\presented |\in |\monkey's | hand neuron |\ 2 |\in |\cortex |(S1) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔responds |\best |\when |\stimulations |\moves |\across |\the |\fingertip Nociceptors |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔sensory |\receptors | that |\enable |\the |\perception |\of |\pain |\in |\response |\to | potentially |\harmful |\stimuli Spinothalamic |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔coarse |\touch, | pressure, |\pain, |& |\temperature |(spinal |\cord |\to |\thalamus) Gate |\Control |\model |(Melzack |& |\Wall) |- |\CORRECT | ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\Pain |\signals |\enter |\spinal |\cord |\from |\body | and |\are |\transmitted |\to |\the |\brain
- |\Additional |\pathways |\can |\influence |\the |\signal |- |\acting |\to |\open |\or |\close |\a |\gate, |\located |\in |\the |\spinal |\cord, |\which | determine |\the |\strength |\of |\a |\signal |\leaving |\the |\spinal |\cord Expectation |\
Cognition |\and |\Pain |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔When | surgical |\patients |\are |\told |\what |\to |\expect, |\they |\request | less |\pain |\medication |\and |\leave |\the |\hospital |\earlier. | Placebos |\can |\also |\be |\effective |\in |\reducing |\pain. Shifting |\Attention | Cognition |\and |\Pain |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔virtual |\reality |\technology |\has |\been |\used |\to |\keep |\patients' |\attention |\on | other |\stimuli |\than |\the |\pain-inducing |\stimulation Emotional |\Distraction Cognition |\and |\Pain |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔subjects |\had | to |\keep |\one |\of |\their |\hands |\immersed |\in |\cold |\water |\while | they |\were |\presented |\with |\positive, |\neutral |\and |\negative | pictures pain |\matrix |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\distributed | network |\of |\brain |\regions, |\including |\the |\thalamus |\and | anterior |\cingulate |\cortex, |\thought |\to |\respond |\to |\many | types |\of |\pain. sensory |\component |\of |\pain |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Pain | perception |\described |\with |\terms |\such |\as |\throbbing, | prickly, |\hot, |\or |\dull.
- |\Salty |(sodium |\chloride)
- |\Sour |(hydrochloric |\acid)
- |\Sweet |(sucrose)
- |\Bitter |(quinine)
- |\Umami |(MSG)
- |\Fats |/ |\fatty |\acids
- |\Contribution |\of |\each |\of |\the |\four |\basic |\tastes |\to |\the | tastes |\of |\KCI |(potassium |\chloride) |& |\NaNO3 |(sodium | nitrate) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔What |\are |\the |\basic | qualities |\of |\taste? filiform |\papillae |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Shaped |\like | cones |& |\are |\found |\over |\the |\entire |\surface |\of |\the |\tongue, | giving |\it |\its |\rough |\appearance fungiform |\papillae |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔shaped |\like | mushrooms |\and |\are |\found |\at |\the |\tip |\and |\sides |\of |\the | tongue foliate |\papillae |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Series |\of |\folds | along |\back |\of |\tongue |\on |\the |\sides
circumvallate |\papillae |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔shaped | like |\flat |\mounds |\surrounded |\by |\a |\trench |\and |\are |\found |\at | the |\back |\of |\the |\tongue filiform; |\10,000 |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔All |\of |\the | papillae, |\except |__________ |\papillae |\contain |\taste |\buds | and |\the |\whole |\tongue |\contains |\about |____________ |\taste | buds. in |\the |\center |\of |\the |\tongue |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Taste |\buds |\are |\not |\found |________. taste |\cells; |\taste |\pore |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Each |\taste |\bud |\contains |\50-100 |________________ |\which |\have |\tips | that |\protrude |\into |\the |________________. transduction |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔occurs |\when | chemicals |\contact |\receptor |\sites |\at |\the |\tips |\of |\these |\taste | cells nucleus |\of |\the |\solitary |\tract |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔nerve |\fibers |\from |\the |\tongue, |\mouth, |\and |\throat |\make | connections |\in |\the |\medulla |\at |\the |\base |\of |\the |\brain |(brain | stem)
Supertasters |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔people |\especially | sensitive |\to |\PROP |\and |\may |\be |\more |\sensitive |\to |\bitter | substances detection |\threshold |\for |\odors |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔the |\lowest |\concentration |\at |\which |\an |\odorant |\can |\be | detected olfactometer |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔an |\instrument |\for | measuring |\the |\keenness |\of |\somebody's |\sense |\of |\smell recognition |\threshold |\of |\smell |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔concentration |\increased |\by |\as |\much |\as |\a |\factor |\of |\ 3 | above |\detection |\threshold; |\Humans |\can |\detect |\as |\many | as |\ 1 |\trillion |\different |\odors, |\but |\recognizing |\them |\is |\more | difficult; |\It |\appears |\that |\memory |\for |\odor |\name |\that |\is |\at | fault.
- |\Similar |\molecular |\structure |= |\Different |\odor
- |\Different |\molecular |\structure |= |\Similar |\odor |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔What |\is |\the |\puzzle |\for |\olfactory |\quality? [olfactory |\mucosa] |\and |\olfactory |\receptor |\neurons |-> | olfactory |\bulb |(and |\the |\glomeruli) |-> |\piriform |\cortex |(and | amygdala) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔What |\is |\the |\path |\for | the |\olfactory |\system?
olfactory |\mucosa |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Located |\in |\the | upper |\region |\of |\the |\nasal |\cavity |\and |\is |\made |\up |\of |\the | olfactory |\epithelium |\and |\the |\underlying |\lamina |\propria, | connective |\tissue |\containing |\fibroblasts, |\blood |\vessels, | Bowman's |\glands |\and |\bundles |\of |\fine |\axons |\from |\the | olfactory |\neurons; |\Protects |\the |\olfactory |\epithelium |\and | allows |\odors |\to |\dissolve |\so |\that |\they |\can |\be |\detected |\by | Olfactory |\Receptor |\Neurons olfactory |\epithelium |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |\thin |\layer | of |\tissue, |\within |\the |\nasal |\cavity, |\that |\contains |\the | receptors |\for |\smell olfactory |\receptor |\neurons |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- | These |\are |\like |\rods |\and |\cones |\of |\the |\retina |\in |\a |\number |\of | ways |(350 |\different |\types) (a) |\contain |\molecules |\sensitive |\to |\odorants |\like |\rods |\and | cones |\contain |\visual |\pigment |\molecules (b) |\made |\up |\of |\proteins |\that |\cross |\the |\membrane |\of |\the | receptor |\neuron |\ 7 |\times (c) |\sensitive |\to |\a |\range |\of |\specific |\stimuli odorant's |\recognition |\profile |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔shows |\a |\pattern |\of |\activation |\of |\the |\ORN's; |\molecules |\
orbitofrontal |\cortex |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔assigns | affective |\value |\to |\stimuli |\and |\experiences; |\E.g., |\Smell |\of | mixture |\of |\isovaleric |\acid |(smells |\like |\sweat) |\and |\cheddar | cheese |\flavoring; |\If |\told |"Cheddar |\cheese" |\it |\is |\rated |\as | more |\pleasant; |\If |\told |"Body |\odor" |\it |\is |\rated |\as |\less | pleasant Flavor |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔taste |+ |\olfaction retronasal |\route |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\opening | from |\the |\oral |\cavity, |\through |\the |\nasal |\pharynx, |\into |\the | nasal |\cavity. |\This |\route |\is |\the |\basis |\for |\the |\way |\smell | combines |\with |\taste |\to |\create |\flavor. orbitofrontal |\cortex |(OFC) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Taste | and |\smell |\responses |\1st |\combined; |\OFC |\receives |\input | from |\primary |\cortical |\areas |\for |\taste |\and |\smell, |\plus |\from | somatosensory |\cortex, |\and |\inferotemporal |\cortex |[in | visual |"what" |\pathway]; |\Contains |\many |\bimodal |\neurons; | OFC |\said |\to |\be |\cortical |\center |\for |\detecting |\flavor |\and |\for | perceptual |\representation |\of |\foods bimodal |\neurons |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔neurons |\that | respond |\to |\more |\than |\one |\sense; |\they |\often |\respond |\to | similar |\qualities |\in |\stimuli |\or |\qualities |\that |\tend |\to |\occur | together |\in |\environment; |\E.g., |\a |\cell |\that |\responds |\to |\the |\
taste |\of |\sweet |\fruits |\would |\also |\respond |\to |\the |\smell |\of | sweet |\fruits. light |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Electromagnetic |\radiation | that |\lies |\within |\the |\visible |\range; |\travels |\as |\a |\wave amplitude |\of |\a |\wave |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(height) | perception |\of |\brightness wavelength |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(distance |\between | peaks |\on |\a |\wave) |\perception |\of |\color/hue purity |\of |\a |\wave |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(mix |\of | wavelengths) |\perception |\of |\saturation, |\richness |\of |\colors perceived |\color |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔function |\of | dominant |\wavelength |\in |\these |\mixtures |\that |\is |\reflected longest=red, |\shortest=violet | appears |\a |\color: |\it's |\a |\psychological |\interpretation amplitude |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\perceived | brightness |\of |\visible |\light |\waves |\is |\determined |\by |\what?
selective |\transmission |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔When | some |\wavelengths |\pass |\through |\an |\object |\or |\substance | [When |\there |\is |\some |\transparency]; |\E.g., |\with |\liquids, | plastics, |\glass subtractive |\color |\mixing |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔Formation |\of |\colors |\by |\removing |\some |\wavelengths |\of | light, |\leaving |\less |\light |\than |\was |\originally |\there. additive |\color |\mixing |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Formation | of |\colors |\by |\superimposing |\lights, |\putting |\more |\light |\in | the |\mixture |\than |\exists |\in |\any |\one |\light |\by |\itself. trichromatic |\theory |\of |\color |\vision |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔The |\theory |\that |\there |\are |\three |\kinds |\of |\cones |\in |\the | retina, |\each |\of |\which |\responds |\primarily |\to |\a |\specific | range |\of |\wavelengths Metamers |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Different |\mixtures |\of | wavelengths |\that |\look |\identical. |\More |\generally, |\any |\pair | of |\stimuli |\that |\are |\perceived |\as |\identical |\in |\spite |\of | physical |\differences. behavioral |\support |\for |\trichromatic |\theory |- |\CORRECT | ANSWERS |\✔✔color |\matching |\experiments
physiological |\evidence |\for |\trichromatic |\theory |- |\CORRECT | ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\Researchers |\measured |\absorption |\spectra | of |\visual |\pigments |\in |\receptors |(1960s).
- |\They |\found |\pigments |\that |\respond |\maximally |\to: (a) |\Short |\wavelengths |(419nm) (b) |\Medium |\wavelengths |(531 |\nm) (c) |\Long |\wavelengths |(558nm)
- |\Later |\researchers |\found |\genetic |\differences |\for |\coding | proteins |\for |\three |\pigments |(1980s).
- |\Yes, |\for |\our |\ranges |\of |\colors.
- |\But |\no. |\We |\could |\see |\color |\with |\just |\two. |- |\CORRECT | ANSWERS |\✔✔Are |\three |\color |\mechanisms |\necessary |\for | color |\vision? photopigments |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔chemicals |\in | photoreceptors |\that |\respond |\to |\light |\and |\assist |\in | converting |\light |\into |\neural |\activity Dichromats |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔people |\who |\only |\see |\two |\of |\the |\three |\primary |\colors; |\blind |\to |\red-green |\or | blue-yellow; |\colorblind |\individuals; |\on |\X |\chromosome, |\so | females |\are |\less |\likely |\to |\become |\color |\deficient; |\Missing | a |\single |\photopigment
