Download PSYC 365 Chapter 2 Questions With Answers and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
PSYC // 365 //Chapter // 2 //Questions //With
//Answers //
Stress //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔The //non-specific //mental //result //of //any //demand //upon //the //body. // Influenced //by //an //individual's //cognitive //appraisal. // Interdisciplinary //concept. Coping //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔strategies //that //an //individual //employs //to //deal //with //stresses //caused //by //the //ever //changing //demands //of //the //environment. // SHIFT: //being //scared //of //tigers //now //being //scared //of //class //deadlines //(still //the //same //physiological //response) Stress //Literacy //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔the //degree //to //which //an //individual //(or //community) //understands //the //effects //of //stress. // Do //we //perform //better //when //psyched //up //or //relaxed?
What //are //some //reasons //it //is //hard //to //define //stress? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Stress //as //a //social //construct. // Multidimensional //phenomenon // Can //be //studied //in //multiple //ways: //stimulus-based //(impact //life //events //and //their //relationship //to //physical //illness //when //stress //is //excessive); //response-based/physiological //(focuses //on //the //connection //between //the //physiological //responses //to //stress //and //physical //illness); //and //interactional/imbalance //between //demands //of //environment //and //our //ability //to //cope //(Describes //stress //as //a //relationship //which //exists //between //a //person //and //the //environment //that //is //appraised //by //the //person //as //being //taxing //or //exceeding //their //resources //and //endangering //their //well-being) Homeostasis //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔the //dynamic //physiological //response //to //maintain //a //stable //internal //state //in //spite //of //the //demands //of //the //environment // the //bodies //attempts //to //maintain //a //stable //internal //state Fight //or //Flight //Response //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Definition: //complex //automatic //reaction //when //faced //with //a //perceived //threat. //
Focus //of //stress //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔subjective //response //and //refers //to //the //interpretive //mental //state //of //the //individual. Strain //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔the //long-term //consequences //of //exposure //to //stress //and //can //result //in //psychological //problems //(ex. //cardiovascular //disease), //psychological //concerns //(ex. //depression), //and //cognitive //concerns. What //is //the //Physiology //of //stress? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔It //is //highly //complex //but //begins //with //an //imagined //or //perceived //threat, //and //involves // 2 //major //systems: //nervous //and //endocrine What //makes //up //the //Peripheral //Nervous //System //(PNS)? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Somatic //and //Autonomic //(sympathetic //+ //parasympathetic) Explain //the //difference //of //the //Autonomic //and //Somatic //Nervous //systems. //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Automanic: //communicates //with //internal //organs //and //glands //(sympathetic //and //parasympathetic) // Somatic: //communicates //with //sense //organs //and //voluntary //muscles //(sensory //and //motor)
What //is //the //Endocrine //System? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔responds //slowly //but //cab //persist //for //weeks What //are //the //components //of //the //Endocrine //System? //And, //what //are //their //functions? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Components: //Pituitary //gland //(located //near //the //hypothalamus) //also //known //as //the //"master //gland", //Adrenal //cortex, //Thyroid //gland, //Pancreas Pancreas: //releases //adrenocorticotropic //hormone //(ACTH), //which //acts //on //the //adrenal //glands //and //is //eventually //involved //in //the //release //of //up //to // 30 //stress //hormones. // Adrenal //cortex: //releases //glucocorticoids //(cortisol //- //prevents //recovery //from //injury //and //impact) //and //mineralocorticoids //(Aldosterone //- //regulates //minerals //in //the //body //during //stress //by //increasing //blood //pressure) Thyroid: //releases //thyroxine //(increases //fatty-acid //which //are //metabolized //in //the //stress //process, //increases //blood //pressure //and //respiratory //rate) Pancreas: //releases //insulin //(decrease //blood //sugar) //and //glucagon //(increase //blood //sugar) //in //response //to //blood //sugar //levels
Explain //the // 3 //steps //to //the //stress //response. //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔1. //Hypothalamus //(helps //maintain //homeostasis): //initiates //the //stress //response //in //the //nervous //system //AND //endocrine //system
- //Activity //from //the //hypothalamus //triggers //the //sympathetic //nervous //system //(fight //or //flight //response) Physiological //responses: //increased //heart //beats, //sweating, //etc.
- //Hypothalamus //causes //the //adrenal //medulla //(located //above //the //kidneys) //to //secret //catecholamines: //adrenaline //and //noradrenaline Catecholamines //affect //the //response //of //the //sympathetic //nervous //system: //to //increase //or //decrease //stress //levels. What //is //also //involved //in //the //stress //response? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Limbic //system: //adds //emotions //wuch //as //aggression, //anger, //fear, //anxeitty, //sexual //arousal, //pain. // Reticular //formation //(in //middle //of //brain): //communication //network, //filters //input //from //the //sensory //system //from //the //brain //and //the //body What //are //the // 3 //responses //of //the //Parasympathetic //Nervous //System? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔1. //Activated //by //the //hypothalamus //to //reestablish //homeostasis.
- //Return //to //a //relaxed //or //hypometabolic //state. Heart //rate //drops, //blood //pressure //drops, //muscle //tension //decreases.
- //Rest //and //digest //or //feed //and //breed. What //are //the // 3 //stages //of //the //bodies //response //to //stressors //according //to //General //Adaptive //Syndrome? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔GAS //is //a //biological //models // Steps:
- //Alarm: //Fight //or //Flight //response //- //acute //response //which //can //be //enough //to //successfully //deal //with //stress //and //return //to //homeostasis //
- //Resistance: //mobilization //of //resources //over //extended //period //of //time //- //leads //to //disease //adaptation //and //prolonged //stress //can //lead //to //exhaustion //(death //if //homeostasis //is //not //achieved) //
- //Exhaustion: //Breakdown //or //resistance In //stage // 2 //of //GAS, //what //is //disease //of //adaptation? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Stage // 2 //is //resistance
individuals //with //a //genetic //predisposition //for //a //particular //condition //may //never //display //signs //of //that //condition //if //they //are //not //exposed //to //the //precipitating //stress. // High //level //of //stress //you //still //need //to //take //care //of //yourself //even //if //you //have //the //"bad" //genes. // Schizophrenia Cognitive //Transaction //Models //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Is //a //cognitive //model, //emphasis //the //relationship //existing //between //individuals //and //the //environment //and //the //appraisal //individuals //make //of //the //relationship. // Consists //of //cognitive //appraisals: //primary, //secondary, //and //reappraisals. What //is //primary //appraisal? //(3 //types) //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔PA //are //the //initial //evaluation //of //the //situation. //
- //Irrelevant: //has //no //impact //on //the //individuals //well-being //and //can //be //ignored/no //response //needed. //
- //Benign-positive: //involves //outcome //appraised //to //be //positive //and //that //may //increase //well-being //(love, //happiness, //individual //awareness //that //feelings //will //end) //
- //Stressful: //Threat //(involves //the //anticipation //of //situations //of //harm //or //loss), //Harm/loss: //involves //significant //physical //or //psychological //loss, //Challenge //(involve //events //perceived //to //be //stressful, //but //the //focus //is //one //of //positive //excitement //and //anticipation //of //the //potential //for //growth //contained //in //the //situation) What //is //Secondary //Appraisal? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔it //is //ones //evaluation //of //their //ability //to //cope //with //a //situation. // Primary //and //second //work //together //to //determine //the //reaction Not //just //an //intellectual //exercise: //a //complex //evaluative //process //that //takes //into //account //which //coping //options //are //available, //the //likelihood //that //a //given //coping //option //will //accomplish //what //it //is //supposed //to, //and //the //likelihood //one //can //apply //a //particular //strategy How //do //primary //and //secondary //appraisal //work //together? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Both //are //impacted //by //emotions, //people //are //more //likely //to //experience //stress //if //they //believe //they //cannot //cope //(feelings //of //hopelessness), //challenge //appraisals //are
//the //consequences //of //an //event, //and //the //outcome //of //a //particular //encounter. Interdependent //and //involve //transactions //between //individuals //and //their //environments How //do //person //variables //affect //appraisal? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Commitment: //determines //the //importance //of //a //particular //encounter //and //will //affect //the //choices //made //to //achieve //a //particular //outcome (Interact //with: //challenge, //threat, //benefit, //harm, //engagement //or //avoidance //of //an //encounter). Belief: //pre-existing //notions //that //determine //the //meaning //given //to //the //environment //(personal //or //culture, //difficult //to //observe) Numerous //factors //influence //appraisal //factors //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Novelty: //an //individual's //previous //experience //with //a //situation. Predictability: //identifies //characteristics //of //the //environment //which //can //be //learned //and //disconcerted
Event //uncertainty: //issues //of //probability. //High //levels //of //uncertainty //can //be //extremely //stressful. Temporal //situational //factors //during //appraisal //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Imminence: //the //time //interval //during //which //an //event //is //being //anticipated Duration: //the //time //period //during //which //a //stressful //event //occurs //(GAS, //has //same //relevance //in //both) Temporal //uncertainty: //concerned //with //the //stress //involved //is //not //knowing //when //an //event //will //occur. What //are //the // 4 //connections //between //personality //and //disease //probability? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔1. //A //specific //personality //profile //might //cause //a //disease //to //develop
- //A //particular //disease //process //could //cause //a //particular //personality //profile
- //Personality //affects //or //filters //the //response //to //an //illness
Multi-causal //pathway: //type //A //behaviour //in //combination //with //family //history, //lifestyle //risks, //and //anger //as //being //the //core //risk //factors Social //dominance: //a //set //of //controlling //behaviours, //including //the //tendency //to //cut //off //and //talk //over //the //interviewer. How //can //one //deal //with //a //Type //A //personality? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Behavior //management //classes Mindfulness //and //calming //techniques Anger //management //classes, // emotional //regulation, // changing //anger //to //being //assertive How //does //Conscientiousness //affect //health? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Lack //of //conscientiousness //is //linked //to: //impulsiveness, //recklessness, //present-centered //behavior's Linked //to //longevity
Better //to //instill //in //children, //easier //to //integrate //into //their //self- concept Linked //with //preventative //behaviours What //is //Wright's //multi-causal //pathway? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Multi-causal //pathways //+ //social //dominance //= //risk //factors //for //heart //attacks Type //A //behaviour //in //combination //with //family //history //of //coronary //heart //disease, //lifestyle //risk //and //anger //identified //as //the //care //risk //factors. When //at //risk //for //disease //or //disorder //how //you //handle //stress //or //anger //is //a //core //risk //factor //(If //you //don't //take //care //of //yourself //you //are //likely //to //get //that //disease //or //disorder) What //is //a //coping //response? //(intentional) //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔It //is //an //intentional //physcial //or //mental //act //that //is //initiated //n //response //to //a //stressor //(external //events //or //interal //states) // Consists //of: Coping //goals: //the //objective //of //a //coping //response //
Emotional //focused //coping //(health //and //personal): //Controlling //the //emotional //response //to //events //by //using //cognitive //processes, //such //as //avoidance //or //minimisation, //to //decrease //emotional //distress, //or //using //techniques //to //increase //emotional //intensity, //as //one //might //do //in //preparation //for //an //athletic //competition Aim: //control //emotions Listening //to //song //that //pumps //you //up Visualising //what //is //going //to //happen Might //only //change //appraisal //instead //of //actually //changing //what //will //happen What //are //some //personal //variable //which //affect //coping? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔Social //support: //in //times //of //stress //we //benefit //from //support //from //friends, //family, //and //situations //such //as //social //agencies, //the //health //care //system, //and //a //religious //institution //(most //important, //more //than //objective) Emotional //support: //being //cared //for //and //loved Informational //support: //advice //and //information //made //available //to //us //concerning //a //particular //event Tangible //support: //the //direct //aid //or //services //we //receive //to //assist //us //in //coping
What //is //the //stress-buffering //hypothesis? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔the //hypothesis //states //that //social //support //has //an //indirect //effect //and //acts //as //a //buffer //to //protect //individuals //from //the //negative //effects //of //stress. Most //noticeable //when //completing //high //levels //of //stress. // Based //on //the //perception //of //social //support. // Helps //with //sense //of //personal //control. // Indirect //affect //on //well-being, //self-esteem, //decrease //anxiety, //and //promote //health //behaviors. What //is //positive //psychology? //- //CORRECT //ANSWERS(S)✔✔it //is //an //umbrella //term //for //the //study //of //positive //emotions, //positive //character //traits, //and //enabling //insinuations. // Approach //that //encourages //psychologists //to //use //fewer //negative //or //problem-focused //frameworks //and //to //focus //more //on //effective //human //functioning
