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PSYC |\ 450 |\Exam |\ 2 |\with |\answers
Perceptual |\Segregation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔Perceptual |\organization |\in |\which |\one |\object |\is |\seen |\as | separate |\from |\other |\objects Figure-Ground |\Segregation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The | perceptual |\separation |\of |\an |\object |\from |\its |\background Gist |\of |\a |\Scene |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔General | description |\of |\a |\scene Global |\Image |\Features |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔Information |\that |\may |\enable |\observers |\to |\rapidly | perceive |\the |\gist |\of |\a |\scene; |\features |\associated |\with | specific |\types |\of |\scenes |\include |\degree |\of |\naturalness, | openness, |\roughness, |\expansion, |\and |\color Physical |\Regularities |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Regularly | occurring |\physical |\properties |\of |\the |\environment; |\for | example, |\there |\are |\more |\vertical |\and |\horizontal | orientations |\in |\the |\environment |\than |\oblique |(angled) | orientations
Semantic |\Regularities |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔Characteristics |\associated |\with |\the |\functions | associated |\with |\different |\types |\of |\scenes. |\These | characteristics |\are |\learned |\from |\experience. |\For |\example, |\most |\people |\are |\aware |\of |\the |\kinds |\of |\activities |\and | objects |\that |\are |\usually |\associated |\with |\kitchens. Theory |\of |\Unconscious |\Inference |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔The |\idea |\proposed |\by |\Helmholtz |\that |\some |\of |\our | perceptions |\are |\the |\result |\of |\unconscious |\assumptions | that |\we |\make |\about |\the |\environment. Bayesian |\inference |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\statistical | approach |\to |\perception |\in |\which |\perception |\is |\determined |\by |\taking |\probabilities |\into |\account. |\These |\probabilities | are |\based |\on |\past |\experiences |\in |\perceiving |\properties |\of | objects |\and |\scenes. selective |\attention |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\focusing | of |\conscious |\awareness |\on |\a |\particular |\stimulus divided |\attention |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔concentrating | on |\more |\than |\one |\activity |\at |\the |\same |\time Saccadic |\eye |\movement |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |\rapid, |\jerky |\movement |\from |\one |\fixation |\to |\the |\next
Observers |\interests |\and |\goals |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ nature |\of |\an |\observer's |\task |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Eye |\movements |\occur |\just |\before |\we |\need |\the |\information | that |\they |\will |\provide Experiment |\by |\Posner |(1978) |\et |\al |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔Observers |\looked |\at |\a |\fixation |\point.Precueing |\with |\an | arrow |\indicated |\on |\which |\side |\a |\stimulus |\was |\likely |\to | appear.Stimuli |\appeared |\that |\were |\consistent |(valid |\trial) | or |\inconsistent |(invalid |\trial) |\with |\the |\cue.Task |\was |\to | push |\button |\when |\a |\target |\square |\was |\seen. Experiment |\by |\Egly |\et |\al. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔Observer |\views |\two |\rectangles.Cue |\signals |\where | target |\may |\appear.Task: |\to |\press |\button |\when |\target | appeared.Results: |\Fastest |\reaction |\time |\was |\at |\targeted | position."Enhancement" |\effect |\for |\non-target |\was |\within | the |\target |\rectangle. Experiment |\by |\Carrasco |\et |\al. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔Observers |\saw |\two |\grating |\stimuli |\with |\either |\similar | or |\different |\contrast |\between |\the |\bars. |\Task |\was |\to |\fixate | on |\center |\point |\between |\gratings |\and |\indicate |\orientation |\of |\bars |\with |\higher |\contrast. |\Small |\dot |\was |\flashed |\very | quickly |\on |\one |\side |\before |\gratings |\appeared
Results: | When |\there |\was |\a |\large |\difference |\in |\contrast, |\the |\dot |\had |\no |\effect. When |\the |\contrast |\was |\the |\same, |\observers |\were |\more | likely |\to |\report |\that |\the |\grating |\preceded |\by |\the |\dot |\had | higher |\contrast. Thus, |\the |\shift |\of |\attention |\led |\to |\an |\effect |\on |\perception. the |\binding |\problem |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔features |\of | objects |\are |\processed |\separately |\in |\different |\areas |\of |\the | brain Feature |\Integration |\Theory |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔Preattentive |\stage: |\features |\of |\objects |\are |\separated. Focused |\attention |\stage: |\features |\are |\bound |\into |\a | coherent |\perception. Illusory |\conjunctions |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔features | that |\should |\be |\associated |\with |\an |\object |\become | incorrectly |\associated |\with |\another.
People |\are |"blind" |\to |\the |\fact |\that |\they |\experience |\change |\blindness. Real |\objects |\in |\the |\environment |\change |\with |\some |\type |\of |\movement, |\which |\is |\why |\we |\normally |\don't |\experience | change |\blindness. Task-irrelevant |\stimuli |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔If |\the |\task |\is |\easy, |\task-irrelevant |\stimuli |\affect |\performance.If |\the | task |\is |\hard, |\task-irrelevant |\stimuli |\tend |\not |\to |\affect | performance Lavie's |\perceptual |\load |\theory |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔Have |\limited |\processing |\capacity |\but: | If |\one |\task |\doesn't |\use |\it |\all |\some |\left |\over |\for |\other |\tasks Can't |\do |\this |\if |\primary |\task |\highly |\demanding perceptual |\load |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\amount |\of | perceptual |\capacity |\required |\to |\carry |\out |\a |\given |\task. perceptual |\capacity |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Everyone | has |\a |\certain |\limit |\to |\the |\amount |\of |\energy |\they |\can |\give | to |\perceptual |\events.
low-load |\tasks |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Very |\easy |/ | practiced |\tasks |\that |\take |\up |\very |\little |\of |\the |\perceptual | capacity high-load |\tasks |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Difficult, |\not |\well |\practiced |\tasks sound |\stimulus |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Vibrations |\of | molecules Travel |\through |\physical |\medium |(e.g., |\air) Travels |\in |\waves Changes |\in |\air |\pressure Move |\at |\a |\fraction |\of |\the |\speed |\of |\light
- |\ 340 |\meters |/ |\second |\through |\air
- |\1,500 |\meters |/ |\second |\through |\water
Same |\pitch |\with |\different |\patterns |\of |\vibration Same |\perceived |\pitch, |\but |\different |\timbre attack |\of |\tones |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Buildup |\of |\sound |\at |\the |\beginning |\of |\a |\tone Decay |\of |\tones |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Decrease |\in | sound |\at |\end |\of |\tone range |\of |\hearing |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Frequency | Range
- |\20-20,000 |\Hz
- |\Speech |\2000-4000 |\Hz Frequency |- |\Intensity |\Relation
- |\Audibility |\Curves Our |\sensitivity |\varies |\within |\this |\frequency |\range.
Different |\animals |\hear |\different |\frequencies |\from |\us. Perception |\of |\loudness |= |\Amplitude |(+frequency) three |\basic |\tasks |\of |\the |\auditory |\system |- |\CORRECT | ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\Deliver |\sound |\stimulus |\to |\receptors
- |\Transduce |\stimulus |\from |\pressure |\changes |\to |\electrical | signals
- |\Process |\electrical |\signals |\so |\they |\can |\indicate |\pitch, | loudness, |\timbre, |\and |\location. three |\parts |\of |\the |\ear |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\outer | ear
- |\middle |\ear
- |\inner |\ear three |\parts |\of |\the |\outer |\ear |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. | Pinna
- |\Auditory |\Canal
- |\Tympanic |\Membrane |/ |\Eardrum
Ossicles |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Amplify |\signal
- |\Eardrum |\to |\oval |\window
- |\Air |\to |\liquid
- |\Lever |\action Dampen |\high |\intensity |\signals
- |\Middle |\ear |\muscles inner |\ear |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\innermost |\part |\of | the |\ear, |\containing |\the |\cochlea, |\semicircular |\canals, |\and | vestibular |\sacs cochlea |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |\coiled, |\bony, |\fluid- filled |\tube |\in |\the |\inner |\ear |\through |\which |\sound |\waves | trigger |\nerve |\impulses scala |\vestibuli |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔leads |\from |\oval | window |\to |\apex |\of |\cochlea
scala |\tympani |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔extends |\from | apex |\of |\cochlea |\to |\round |\window cochlear |\partition |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\combined |\basilar |\membrane, |\tectorial |\membrane, |\and |\organ |\of | Corti, |\which |\are |\together |\responsible |\for |\the |\transduction | of |\sound |\waves |\into |\neural |\signals. oval |\window |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔membrane |\at |\the | enterance |\to |\the |\cochlea |\through |\which |\the |\ossicles | transmit |\vibrations round |\window |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\membrane- covered |\opening |\in |\the |\inner |\wall |\of |\the |\middle |\ear |\that | compensates |\for |\changes |\in |\cochlear |\pressure. basilar |\membrane |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔supports | Organ |\of |\Corti, |\vibrates |\up |\and |\down |\in |\response |\to |\sound Organ |\of |\Corti |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Center |\part |\of |\the |\cochlea, |\containing |\hair |\cells, |\canals, |\and |\membranes inner |\hair |\cells |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(~3,500 |\per |\ear) | responsible |\for |\transduction |\through |\bending |\of |\cilia; |\
- |\Pressure |\bulges |\move |\down |\length |\of |\Scala |\vestibuli, | displacing |\basilar |\membrane |\up |\and |\down.
- |\Tectorial |\membrane |\shears |\across |\organ |\of |\Corti, | moving |\cilia |\atop |\hair |\cells |\back |\and |\forth.
- |\Flexing |\of |\cilia |\initiates |\depolarization |\in |\hair |\cells | through |\inward |\flux |\of |\K+ |\and |\Ca+.
- |\NT's |\released |\into |\synapse |\with |\auditory |\nerve |\fibers.
- |\Action |\potentials |\in |\auditory |\nerve |\fibers |\carried |\back | to |\brain. Place |\Theory |(Bekesy) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Depends | on |\place |\along |\B.M. |\where |\neural |\firing |\is |\highest
- |\Observed |\B.M. |\vibration
- |\Observed |\a |\traveling |\wave
- |\Built |\model |\of |\cochlea |\considering |\physical |\properties | of |\B.M.
-Base |= |\narrower |\and |\stiffer |\apex traveling |\wave |\theory |(Bekesy) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔Tonotopic |\organization Wave |\of |\stimulation
- |\Peak |\and |\Envelope updating |\Bekesy |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Peak |\vibrations |\more |\sharply |\localized Why? Outer |\hair |\cells |- |\cochlear |\amplifier temporal |\coding |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\rate |\of | bursting |\of |\auditory |\nerve |\fibers |\provides |\info |\about | frequency |\of |\sound |\wave phase |\locking |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Firing |\of |\auditory | neurons |\in |\synchrony |\with |\the |\phase |\of |\an |\auditory | stimulus.
Presbycusis |\hearing |\loss |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔hearing |\loss |\that |\gradually |\occurs |\in |\most |\individuals |\as |\they | grow |\older noise-induced |\hearing |\loss |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS | ✔✔Hearing |\loss |\or |\impairment |\resulting |\from |\exposure |\to | loud |\sound. pathway |\to |\auditory |\cortex |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. | Cochlea |(info |\leaves |\via |\auditory |\nerve)
- |\Cochlear |\nucleus |(brain |\stem)
- |\Superior |\olivary |\nucleus |(brain |\stem) |- |\convergence | from |\both |\ears |- |\involved |\in |\sound |\localization
- |\Inferior |\colliculus |(midbrain)
- |\Medial |\geniculate |\nucleus |(thalamus)
- |\Auditory |\cortex |\or |\A1 |(temporal |\lobe)
- |*All |\laid |\out |\in |\a |\tonotopic |\map
- |\Acronym: |\SONIC |\MG core |\area |(A1) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Where |\info |\first | comes |\into |\cortex Activated |\by |\simple |\sounds |(pure |\tones) tonotopic |\map |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔an |\arrangement | of |\neurons |\within |\auditory |\brain |\regions |\such |\that |\the | characteristic |\frequencies |\of |\the |\neurons |\gradually |\shift | from |\lower |\at |\one |\end |\of |\the |\region |\to |\higher |\at |\the |\other | end; |\neurons |\are |\laid |\out |\in |\order |\of |\response |\to | frequency belt |\and |\parabelt |\areas |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Neurons | require |\increasingly |\complicated |\stimuli |\to |\activate | (complex |\sounds, |\speech, |\etc.) If |\you |\think |\of |\A1 |\being |\similar |\to |\V1, |\these |\areas |\of | higher |\processing |\are |\similar |\to |\those |\in |\vision.
- |\They |\require |\more |\complex |\stimuli
