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Psych 109 test 2 Questions With
Correct Answers
3 |assumptions |of |the |info |processing |model |of |cognitive | aging |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |people |are |active | processors |of |info |
- |info |is |processed |through |a |series |of |hypothetical |stages | or |stores
- |it |is |possible |to |look |quantitatively |and |qualitatively |at | how |much |and |what |kind |of |info |is |remembered Sensory |memory |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-where |new |info |is | registered Example |of |sensory |memory |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-light | on |for | 1 |second, |anything |in |visual |field |but |right |when |light | goes |off |its |gone Capacity |and |duration |of |sensory |memory |- |CORRECT | ANSWER✔✔-high |capacity, |fast |decay Encoding |speed |and |backward |masking |- |CORRECT | ANSWER✔✔-there |are |age |related |declines |in |encoding |
speed. |they |are |small |and |not |found |for |all |tasks; |how | quickly |info |can |be |replaced |is |shown |by |backward |masking | studies Stimulus |persistence |theory |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-states |that |sensory |traces |persist |longer |in |the |nervous |system |of | older |adults, |explains |findings |of |those |types |of |studies Attention |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-the |mechanisms |that | controls |how |much |and |what |infer |in |transferred |from |the | high |capacity |sensory |memory |system |to |the |more |limited | capacity |working |memory |system Selectivity |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-how |we |choose |what | info |we |will |process |further, |what |moves |from |large |capacity |sensory |memory |to |small |capacity |working |memory? Example |of |selectivity |(visual |search |task) |- |CORRECT | ANSWER✔✔-is |the |letter |D |in |the |following |display? |answer | as |quickly |as |you |can. |older |adults |are |more |distracted |by | the |bigger |picture |of |all |the |letters. |cant |get |rid |of | irrelevance | dependent |variable: |speed |of |reaction Stroop |test |examples |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-name |color | of |ink |that |the |word |is |written |in.
Age |differences |in |vigilance |(hit |rates) |- |CORRECT | ANSWER✔✔-tap |saying |digits |over |and |over. |say | 7 |tap |7= |a | hi, |but |if |you |dont |tap= |miss older |adults: |lower |hit |rates, |seems |to |be |selectivity | wouldnt |change |over |time |and |not |affected |by |aging Cognitive |slowing |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-slowing |down |on | psychomotor |tasks, |like |reaction |time |tasks, |after |age | 40 |is | the |best |documented |behavioral |change |with |aging Psychomotor |tasks: |Simple |task |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔- requires |response |to |one |stimulus | "press |the |key |when |the |light |goes |on" | decision |time: |time |from |the |stimulus |to |the |beginning |of | movement | motor |time: |time |to |complete |the |movement | age |declines |for |both |decision |and |motor |time |but |greater | for |decision |time Psychomotor |task: |Choice |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-requires | response |to |more |than | 1 |stimulus, |with |each |stimulus | having |different |response | "right |key |with |red |light, |left |key |with |green |light" | larger |age |differences |than |simple |task
Psychomotor |task: |Complex |RT |tasks |- |CORRECT | ANSWER✔✔-driving |a |car | more |complex |more |age |difference |in |speed |of |performance Causes |of |age |related |slowing |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔- neural |network: |older |adults |have |more |dying |neurons, | neural |messages |are |detoured |and |require |more |links |and | therefor |longer |RT cautiousness: |older |adults |may |be |more |reluctant |to |maje | mistakes slowed |motor |response: |does |not |seem |to |be |a |major |factor Factors |that |may |influence |psychomotor |slowing |- | CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-disease |(can |increase |slowing) exercise |(may |slow |rate |of |decline) | practice |(can |help, |but |age |differences |are |still |significant) | experience |(Salthouse's |research |on |typists |demonstrates | that |on |complex |tasks |anticipation |can |compensate |for | psychomotor |slowing) Working |memory |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-information |you | are |holding |in |mind |and |simultaneously |using | small/limited |capacity
Semantic |memory |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-word, |concepts, |knowledge, |not |tied |to |the |time |the |info |was |learned Age |declines |in |semantic |memory |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔- there |is |no |age |differences |in |knowledge |based |aspects | may |be |age |related |declines |in |the |accessibility Episodic |memory |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-personal | memories |that |are |remembered |with |time |and |place |info Age |declines |in |episodic |memory |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔- omit |more |info, |include |intrusions, |repeat |previously | reported |info | |ex: |have |them |repeat |a |story; |might |repeat |longer |story |but |not |accurate | age |differences |in |personal |events |ex: |Bahrick's |study |of |yearbook |photos |suggests |that |older | adults |have |good |one |especially |with |recognition Spatial |memory |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-personal |life | memory, |serves |a |real |purpose
Route |learning |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-one |study |that |older |adults |recalled |non-spatial |associations |and |regard |salient | landmarks |rather |than |turns Prospective |memory |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-remembering |to |perform |a |planned |action |in |the |future Time |based |example |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-remembering |to |take |medication | more |difficult |for |older |adults Differences |in |time |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-related |and | event- |related |prospective |memory |task Recall |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-remembering |info |without | hints |or |clues | age |differences |larger Recognition |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-selecting |previously | learned |info |from |among |several |items Autobiographical |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-individuals |tend | to |remember |recent |personal |events |than |older |ones
changes |in: |neural |demyelination, |disruptions |in |neural | circuitry |related |vascular |lesions, |and |changes |in |use |and | activation with |age |nuerotransmitters |diminish Information-processing |approach |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔- age |related |encoding |deficit |and |retrieval |deficit | relationship |between |age |and |performance |mediated |by | processing |speed Contextual |approach |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-age | differences |in |memory |explained |by |understanding |the | relationships |among |characteristics |of |the |task, | characteristics |of |the |individual |and |how |the |individual | performs |the |task | elderly |subjects |with |high |to |middles |IQ's |and |high |SES | perform |as |well |as |college |students |in |many |tasks Multidimensional |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-specify |many | domains |of |intellectual |ability | no |single |type |of |intelligence |is |responsible |for |all |the | different |kind |of |mental |activities |we |perform
Multidirectional |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-refers |to |the | distinct |patterns |of |change |in |abilities |over |the |life |span | with |these |patterns |differing |for |different |abilities Plasticity |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-range |of |functioning | within |an |individual |and |the |conditions |under |which |a | person's |abilities |can |be |modified |within |a |specific |age | range Inter-individual |variability |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔- acknowledges |that |older |adults |differ |in |the |direction |of | their |intellectual |development Theories |of |intelligence: |Spearman |- |CORRECT | ANSWER✔✔-propose |intelligence |as |a |single |ability Theories |of |intelligence: |Horn |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔- proposed |two |factors: crystallized |intelligence fluid |intelligence Crystallized |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-knowledge |that |you | have |acquired |through |life |experience
block |design: |have |to |take |blocks |and |copy |pic |how |fast |you | do |it |is |recorded |(personality/depression/frustration |play |a | huge |role) Early |Cross |sectional |studies |of |IQ |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔- steady |decrease |in |older |groups |beginning |in |adolescence | WAIS |performance |subtests |showed |greater |decline |than | verbal |subtests | crystallized |intelligence |increases |until |age | 60 |while |fluid | intelligence |has |a |steady |decline |beginning |in |early | adulthood Longitudinal |studies |of |IQ |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-smaller | declines |starting |later |in |life | increases |in |IQ |up |to |age | 60 |then |abilities |are |usually | maintained |or |have |a |small |decline Terminal |drop |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-tendency |for | psychological |and |biological |abilities |to |exhibit |a |dramatic | decrease |in |one's |last |few |years |of |life Reigel |found |that |there |is |a |drop |in |IQ |that |for |many |people | comes |shortly |before |death
Schaie's |sequential |study |of |age |changes |in |primary |mental |abilities: |Study |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-verbal |meaning | choice |syllable |test word |fluency:recall |as |many |words |as |possible |according |to | lexical |rule | number:check |whether |additions |correct spatial |orientation: |shown |an |abstract |figure |and |show | which |of | 6 |represent |the |model |in |two |dimensional |space Schaie's |sequential |study |of |age |changes |in |primary |mental |abilities: |drawings |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-inductive | reasoning: |shown |series |of |letters, |asked |to |discover |rule | and |mark |which |letter |will |come |next Schaie's |sequential |study |of |age |changes |in |primary |mental |abilities: |result |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-people |tend |to | improve |on |primary |abilities |until |late |30's |early |40's | scores |stabilize |until |mid |50's |early |60's | by |late |60's |declines |are |seen nearly |everyone |shows |a |decline |in |one |ability | even |by |age | 80 |few |people |show |decline |on | 4 |or | 5 |abilities | number, |word |fluency |and |spatial |are |the |most |likely |to | decline
control |lead |to |positive |changes |in |people's |perception |of | their |abilities Factors |that |moderate |the |relationship |between |age |and |IQ: |initial |ability |level |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-this |factor |does | not |influence |the |relationship |between |age |and |IQ average |decline |is |the |same |whether |you |initially |start |out | high |or |low | higher |initial |IQ |does |not |determine |or |change |anything Factors |that |moderate |the |relationship |between |age |and |IQ: |occupation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-differences |in | cognitive |skills |needed |in |difference |occupations |makes |a | difference |intellectual |ability Can |primary |mental |abilities |be |improved |with |training? |- | CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-plasticity |suggest |that |older |adults | have |substantial |cognitive |reserve |capacity |and |cog | training |can |make |use |of |it | with |training |older |adults |show |significant |gains |on |primary | mental |abilities ADEPT |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-2 |levels |of |intervention |in | addition |to |a |no |training |control |group
- |minimal |direct |training |and |had |test |familiarity |as |its | goal. |participants |were |given |same |tests |on |several | occasions |to |familiarize |them |with |test |taking |so | researchers |could |learn |about |effects |of |repeated |testing | along |
- |interventions |that |were |specific |for |each |primary |mental | ability. |focused |on |teaching |the |relational |rules |associated | with |each |test |problem. |training |included |practice |with | paper |and |pencil |tests, |oral |feedback |by |experimenter, | group |discussion. |overall |the |ability |specific |training | resulted |in |improvements |in |primary |abilities ACTIVE |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-involves |fluid |ability | training |among |the |elderly | assigned |to |either |the |group |that |showed |significant |decline |on |either |spatial |or |reasoning |ability |over | 14 |year |period |or | the |group |that |remained |stable |over |time Wisdom |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |mental |ability | associated |with |aging |in |both |Eastern |and |Western |cultural | traditions Philosophical |wisdom |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔- understanding |of |the |abstract |relationship |between |one's | self |and |the |rest |of |humanity
affected |by |psychological |changes |such |as |job |demands | which |may |negatively |affect Social |knowledge |structures |and |beliefs |- |CORRECT | ANSWER✔✔-scripts, |stereotypes, |implicit |personality | theories How |do |social |knowledge |structures |and |beliefs |change | with |age? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-ex: |the |belief |that |"marriage |is |more |important |than |a |career" |increase |with | age Impression |formation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-declines |in | cognitive |processing |resources |that |might |impact |the |social |judgement |process Age |difference |in |impression |formation |- |CORRECT | ANSWER✔✔-age |related |changes |in |processing |capacity | might |make |older |adults |MORE |vulnerable |to |social | judgement |biases |
- |older |adults |use |less |detailed |info |
- |deficiencies |in |memory |capacity |
- |harder |for |older |adults |when |the |situation |is |cognitively | demanding |as |there |is |time |pressure |or |multiple |decisions
Negativity |bias |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-older |adults |weigh | negative |info |more |heavily |in |their |social |judgments |than | young |adults |do | older |MORE |willing |to |change |initial |impression |from | positive |to |negative |but |are |LESS |willing |to |change |initial | impression |from |negative |to |positive |EVEN |WITH |new |info Capacity |limitations |and |social |judgements |- |CORRECT | ANSWER✔✔-a-related |changes |in |processing |capacity | might |make |older |adults |more |vulnerable |to |social | judgement |biases Casual |attributions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-explanations | people |contract |to |explain |behavior Dispositional |attributions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔- behavioral |explanations |that |reside |within |the |person Situational |attributions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-relying |on | dispositional |info |and |ignoring |situational |info Correspondence |bias |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-relying |on | dispositional |info |and |ignoring |situational |info
