Research Article Review, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Community Journalism

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Assignment No. 2

Subject:

Community Psychology

Topic:

Research Article Review

Submitted to:

Ma’am Humaira Murtaza

Submitted by:

Shama Asim 15171511-

Manahil Ilyas 15171511-

Masooma Javed 15171511-

Nayab Bilal 15171511-

Iqra-tun-Nisa 15171511-

Ayesha Mashkoor 14131511-

BS VIII PSYCHOLOGY

Dated: March 27, 2019

Research Article Review

 Article 1

Can War Foster Cooperation?

Summary: The summary of this research is that in the past years almost different 20 studies from over 40 countries have found a persistent, strong design in behavioral experiments and surveys that those individuals who faced war or exposure to war violence increases the prosocial behavior and community participation and also the social cooperation at the local level. This shows that war leaves a positive legacy in relation to public engagement and social, local cooperation despite of war has many negative aspects for societies and individuals. This research findings on cooperation and violence simplify to a situation at a broader range suggested by early evidence. Just like war victims, people show cooperative behavior who ever experienced any crime related viciousness found by meta-analysis. Local cooperation is enhanced by survival threats which is the main finding of this paper. The essential empirical finding is that the exposure to period of war conflict raises leaning towards to apply and support equal community rules, gender equality reorganizations, advanced tax policy, rapid social, political and economic recovery in battle- damaged societies. There may also be minimum motive for positivity when the viciousness terminates whereas the human costs of war are terrible. Positive and protective factors: Following are enlisted factors which prevent members of community from development of mental health problems:  Prosocial behavior  Social cooperation  Community participation  Cooperative behavior  Equal social policies  Gender equality reforms  Social, political and economic recovery Better Rehabilitation and Community Mental Health Services: Mental health professionals can use these factors for providing rehabilitation and services to the members of community by emphasizing the importance of positivity which is the result of cooperation. These all factors such as Prosocial behavior, Social cooperation, Community participation, Cooperative behavior, Equal social policies, Gender equality reforms, Social, political and economic recovery terminates the negative aspects which stops the rehabilitation of members. Professionals used these factors as a cure for the individuals of the community who faced war.

 Article 2

Summary: The summary of this research is that expressive indication recommends that location in the Worldwide Combat which is on violence and terrorism is related to contrary mental well-being and the underlying result of fight isn’t known. Data of this study is derived from the adolescent well-being. By using information, it is originating that militaries positioned to battle sectors where they involve in common opponent fight or eyewitness alike or citizen demises are on enlarged danger for hopelessness and suicides, counseling, and (PTSD). In the empirical evaluations, it is examined that the first measure is the suicide which is a pointer of the hopelessness or suicides in which participants answered. Second is the (CES-D), which is used for measuring the symptoms of depression. Third measure is Counseling. Psychological counselling identifies the severe depressive symptomatology. Finally, the PTSD is measured that the participant by giving responses to different questions tells that he/she ever diagnosed with stress disorder. And ever heath care ever told you that you have or had PTSD? In this research last two measures remain beneficial as they include analysis of psychological well-being circumstances or treatment. So, measuring mental complications which aren’t identified by scale of measuring suicide. This research infers that lower well-being maintenance charges of dollars 1.5 to 2.7 billion for war producing PTSD. Positive and protective factors: Following are enlisted factors which prevent members of community from development of mental health problems:  Psychological counseling  Medical diagnosis  Treatment  Measuring psychological problems  Lower costs of health care Better Rehabilitation and Community Mental Health Services: Mental health professionals can use these factors for providing rehabilitation and services to the members of community by emphasizing the importance of positivity which is the result of counseling. Diagnosis can be useful for professionals in treatment of the members. By measuring the psychological problems, it is easy for professionals to rehabilitate the community members.

 Article 3

Summary: This study was about to study the effects of attack on US in 2001. The population of the study was national guard soldiers who fight the war in Iraq and Afghstan and the aim of study was to check out the affecting factors which helps in preventing from mental problems. It was said that

approximately 40% Guards and Reserve were involved in wars and their families were at risk in developing stressors. And there were high chances to develop mental health problems including PTSD as 42%. The focus of the study was to identify those factors which helps in rehabilitation in society following developing a combat environment. It studied three variables Self-efficacy, social support and spirituality about the effects of readjustment. PTSD symptoms and resilience was also examined. The population of 223 Army National Guard soldiers who were come back from Iraq or Afghanistan was selected. Self-report questionnaire data was collected. Results show positive relationship of variables. Protective Factors:  Social Support  Self-Efficacy  Resilience Better Rehabilitation and Community Mental Health Services: As researches support above mentioned variables as supportive to prevent form mental problems so it can be used in community as service.

 Article 4

Summary

Witting, Lambert, Wickrama (2016) conducted a research on war. The data was gathered from the widows residing in Sri Lanka (Eastern ) whose husbands has died due to war. They explored the impact of war related damages on family adjustment, social support and self-efficacy levels of widows. They also examined whether social support from friends and family plays role in foster those relationships. Results showed that self-efficacy was negatively related with war related damages, but social support of family and friends was found to be positively related with the family adjustment problems caused due to war.

Protective Factor:

1. Social support acted as an important protective factor

Rehabilitation

1. Community psychologists can play role in fostering positive traits such as resilience, fearlessness, optimism etc. through counseling, catharsis and other therapeutic interventions.
2. Community psychologist can guide them the strategies to cope with disastrous effects of war.
3. Community psychologist can provide social support to the victims of war.
4. They can also family therapy to deal with family adjustment issues caused due to war.

 Article 5

Summary: The summary of this article is that it is the study in which how to rehabilitate affected children due to war which is tertiary prevention and also this study is about how make less destroying environment for battle which is secondary prevention. Basically, this article is about how children faces War & how War affect others. This study focuses on terminating the pain or miseries. So, it is depicted that it is a big problem which is to solve, and the system of War replaced with a system of peace. Positive and Protective factors:  Rehabilitation  Secondary prevention  Tertiary prevention  Removal of suffering  Prevention of Wars  Peace system Rehabilitation & community services: Mental health professionals can deal with the members of community by emphasizing & supporting the process of rehabilitation. Preventions are useful for members in a community.

 Article 6

Summary:

The summary of this study depicts that the three levels helps in understanding the effects and causes of the conflict and War. It is necessary for professionals to fully understand the three levels such as the operative level. And each level focused on the planning. The planning is to make strategies. Strategy is to approximate opposer's strength and also weakness. Each level also focuses on the implementation of the strategies which is also reexamined. Positive and protective factors:  Understanding the causes of War  Planning making strategies  Reevaluation  Knowing enemy’s strength and weakness Rehabilitation and community services:

Professionals help the members of community by using these factors such as making strategies and the process of planning to understand causes of war. If causes are known it os easy to terminate the War.

 Article 7

Summary

Witting, Lambert, Wickrama (2016) conducted a research on war. The data was gathered from widows residing in Eastern Sri Lanka whose husbands died due to civil war. They explored the impact of war related damages on family adjustment, social support and self-efficacy levels of widows. They also examined whether social support from friends and family plays role in foster those relationships. Results showed that self-efficacy was negatively related with war related damages, but social support of family and friends was found to be positively related with the family adjustment problems caused due to war.

Protective Factor

2. Social support acted as an important protective factor

Rehabilitation

5. Community psychologists can play role in fostering positive traits such as resilience, fearlessness, optimism etc. through counseling, catharsis and other therapeutic interventions.
6. They can also family therapy to deal with family adjustment issues caused due to war.

 Article 8

Summary

Aflakseir (2010) carried out a research whose purpose was to study the impact of social support on the mental health of war veterans who were disabled. It also investigated the relationship between mental health and coping strategies. Data was collected from 85 Iranian war veterans who were disabled. Results of the study proved that social support had a significant impact on mental health despite their physical disability. The findings also suggested that coping strategies used by veterans had better mental health.

Protective Factors

1. Constructive coping strategies
2. Social Support

Rehabilitation

1. Community psychologist can guide them the strategies to cope with disastrous effects of war.
2. Community psychologist can provide social support to the victims of war.

 Article 9

Summary: A British psychiatrist studied the effect of war and at their belief about the emotional reactions of veterans of war. According to this study, feelings of revenge indicated poor mental health, which led individuals to suffer from psychological disorders. It involved Croatian children who were affected by the war. Truth and Reconciliation Commission depicted that PTSD and depression were more common among those people who scored low and high in forgiveness. Thus study was about risks of mental health of individual who don’t forgive people who hurt them. Victims were given a chance to speak about cathartic experience that would aid in their recovery. Here too, “recovery” was referred to be an individual centered process that is independent of, for example, justice (very few trials of perpetrators have been held) or broader factors such as economic improvement. Health professionals should warn of looking at responses to war through a Western medico therapeutic prism. “Recovery” is not a discrete process: it occurs in people's lives rather than in their psyches. It is practical , and it is grounded in the resumption of the ordinary rhythms of everyday life, the economic, religious, sociocultural, and familial activities.

Positive factors

 Sociocultural,  Religious activities

Rehabilitation

 Given cathartic experiences

Article 10

Summary:

This research is about torture survivor and what helps them to protect themselves from mental illness. The aim was to study the psychological preparedness for PTSD in survivors. 34 survivors with no political background and 55 with political background was selected. It was found that less preparedness tends to produce more mental illness. Protective Factor:  Consciousness Rehabilitation:

Provide awareness to people about any negative event before its happening leave positive effect so community services should arrange seminars to provide awareness to people about different rising issues.

Reference

1. Michal Bauer & Christopher Blattman & Julie Chytilová & Joseph Henrich & Edward Miguel & Tamar Mitts, 2016. "Can War Foster Cooperation?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol 30(3), pages 249-274. 2. Resul Cesur & Joseph J. Sabia & Erdal Tekin, 2011. ‘’ The Psychological Costs of War: Military Combat and Mental Health. IZA DP No. 5615. 3. Tackett, D. Patricia, "Resilience Factors Affecting the Readjustment of National Guard Soldiers Returning from Deployment" (2011). Dissertations & Theses. 119. http://aura.antioch.edu/etds/ 4. Witting, Lambert, & Wickrama (2016). War and disaster in Sri Lanka: Implications for widows' family adjustment and perception of self-efficacy in caring for one's family. 5. Maxwell AFB, AL. “Three levels of War.” USAF college of Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education (ADRE). Air University Press, 1997 6. Witting, Lambert, & Wickrama (2016). War and disaster in Sri Lanka: Implications for widows' family adjustment and perception of self-efficacy in caring for one's family. 7. Aflakseir (2010). The Role of Social Support and Coping Strategies on Mental Health of a Group of Iranian Disabled War Veterans 8. Summerfield D. (2002). Effects of war: moral knowledge, revenge, reconciliation, and medicalised concepts of "recovery". BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 325 (7372), 1105-7. 9. B. Metin., P. Murat., L. Maria., (2014). Psychological preparedness for trauma as a protective factor in survivors of torture. Psychological Medicine, 1997, 27, 1421–1433. Printed in the United Kingdom # 1997 Cambridge University Press 10. Joanna Santa Barbara. “Impact of War on Children & Imperative to End War”. Croat Med J. 2006 Dec; 47(6): 891-