[Senior High School] Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Region Quarter 1 Modules, Study notes of Art

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Lesson 2 – Painting Painting refers to the process of applying color on a flat surface. Forms can be created using a wide variety of materials such as watercolor, acrylic, ink, oil, pastel, and charcoal. Surfaces for painting include wood, canvas, cardboard, and paper. Painting is considered two-dimensional, meaning it only has height and width. FORMS OF PAINTING Easel Painting The easel painting is perhaps the most common form of painting which involves applying color to a board or canvas that is fixed on upright support called an easel. These are meant to be framed and hanged on a wall after creating them. Murals A mural is described as a huge wall- sized painting used to impart messages to the public. A new form of a mural which is a portable mural was developed to prevent the mural from being erased from the wall which was created by using bold strokes in applying bright colors on pieces of cheesecloth\or canvas. Telon Painting A telon is described as a backdrop or background for the stage which is used for komedya, sarswela, and sinakulo, the popular forms of theater in the country. Jeepney and Calesa Painting The calesa is typically painted using one color. The borders of the calesa are decorated with geometric patterns, repetitive patterns, and/or thin lines. Jeepney painting evolved from calesa painting. In a typical jeepney, a logo, number, or painting is covered near the driver’s seat, as well as near the seats adjacent to it. Collage This refers to a form of painting that involves combine images in a single artwork. This entails cutting and pasting materials such as paper, fabric, tin foil, and other relatively flat materials onto a board or canvas.

THEMES OF PAINTING

Genre Painting Genre painting portrays people in daily activities. During the contemporary period, genre painting took several directions. One of these new approaches is a folk genre, which mainly focuses on the everyday activities of the folk. Another approach is using the style of cubism in depicting folk or urban subjects. On the other hand, folk-naive is another style wherein it uses a lot of color and spontaneity. Historical Painting The historical painting depicts a scene from the past. It often has a lesson concerning national values. Interiors This refers to the painting of the space inside of a part of a house or a building. This usually reveals the social class of the family living in that particular house, as well as the traits of the people living in it. Landscapes This painting portrays natural scenery or urban scenes. Mixed media is now used in creating landscape paintings. Closely related to landscapes are seascapes, which focus on large bodies of water, particularly the ocean or the sea. Portraits This refers to a painting portraying one or more specific individuals. This usually portrays the physical characteristics of the subject and seeks to show an understanding of that person’s character. Nudes These are paintings that portray the unclothed human figure. Nowadays, a wide variety of materials and styles can be used in painting nudes. Nude painting sessions are conducted in galleries. Religious Painting Common subjects of religious painting include a lone religious image, lives of the saints, and scenes based from the Scriptures like the Nativity scene, and the Station of the Cross. Still Life This refers to a painting that depicts natural or man-made objects that form a composition in a natural setting. A lot of styles can be used by artists in painting, ranging from Baroque and Rococo to impressionism, expressionism, and abstract. Neo-realism involves creating representational figures that also look abstract; hyperrealism or magic realism, the subject is painted in a highly realistic way that resembles a photograph and social realism entails creating paintings that depict socioeconomic and political problems.

Lesson 3: Sculpture and other forms of visual arts The sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used carving and modeling; in stones, metals, ceramics, woods, and other materials but, since Modernism, there has been almost complete freedom of materials and process. In contrast to painting, the sculpture has three dimensions – height, width, and depth. It is created by either carving, modeling, or assembling parts. GENERAL KINDS OF SCULPTURE Free-standing This is a kind of sculpture that can independently stand in space. It has a flat horizontal base. All its sides contribute to the overall form of the sculpture. Relief This kind of sculpture does not have a flat horizontal base. The form is projected from a flat surface. There are two types of relief – low relief or bas- relief which is slightly from the flat surface; and high relief. Cagayan de Oro’s Legendary River Monster is an example of a relief sculpture. Assemblage This sculpture is formed by putting together materials such as found objects, pieces of paper, sponges, wood scraps, and other materials. A good example of this is Lamberto Hechanova’s Man and Woman. Kinetic Sculpture This is considered a sculpture in motion because the entire sculpture or some parts of the sculpture are moving with the wind or are vibrating with the surrounding air. Welded Sculptures Creating these sculptures involves the process of connecting sheets of metal together by using acetylene or an electric torch. Use of Glass

A kind of sculpture where the medium of expression used by the artist is glass. Symbolic Sculpture It is a kind of sculpture in which an abstract idea is represented utilizing allegory and personification. OTHER FORMS OF VISUAL ART

• Aside from painting and sculpture, other visual forms can be seen in every region in the country. Some of them are even used by people regularly. The following are some of the visual arts used by various companies and offices: Advertising Art This refers to using paid space or time in any of the media to inform and influence the public. This is used to encourage the public to patronage certain goods and services or to support policies or persons. Bamboo Art This refers to works made of bamboo that may be used for everyday purposes, decorations, or ornaments. Basketry This refers to the art of creating containers by weaving, plaiting, or braiding materials into hollow 0three-dimensional shapes that can either be used for carrying, storage, and trapping animals. Book Design Book design involves structuring and reproduction of bound pages that are filled with text and/or images, and are protected by hard or soft covers. Costumes These are garments, hairstyles, and accessories that are worn by individual members of a particular society. Embroidery This refers to the art of stitching ornaments on cloth by hand. Food Art This involves packaging and/or presentation of food in an artistic way. Food art involves enhancing the food itself or its packaging artistically. Furniture These are decorative and functional objects which are typically found in a public or private dwelling or building. These are also known as muebles or kasangkapan.

Komiks and Editorial Cartoon Both komiks and editorial cartoons involve illustrations of stories or events. However, an editorial cartoon is a single-frame illustration that may either makes fun of political leaders or institutions or comment on current events. The komiks, on the other hand, may use single or multiple frames with conversations of people or animals placed inside “balloons”. Leaf Art Leaf art is used in religious rituals, food wrapping, and even as a form of modern artistic expression. This makes leaf art different from basketry. Mat Weaving This refers to the art of “plaiting strips of organic fibers into mats”. These mats, locally known as banig, are cool, light, and portable compared to fixed beds. Metalcraft This includes all objects made from metal using the processes of brass casting and blacksmithing, tinsmithing, or goldsmithing and silversmithing.  Brass casting and blacksmithing This process involves casting and forging pieces of brass or bronze. Anting- anting or amulets are also created using this process.  Goldsmithing and silversmithing These processes involve the use of gold and silver in creating objects and ornaments.  Tinsmithing Tinsmithing can be easily seen in creating jeepneys, kalesas, and cariton or ice cream carts. Multimedia This consists of works that involve the use of other senses in appreciating those works aside from the sense of vision.  Conceptual Art In this type of multimedia, a visual artist “ideates or sets up a situation, placing philosophical value in the process itself while negating the importance of craftsmanship in arriving at a finished art object.  Installation Art In this type of multimedia, the artist puts together materials and objects in exhibition space to cast a new experience or idea.  Performance Art In this type of multimedia, an artist converts himself or herself into an art object in motion and sound. Paper Art This involves the processes of cutting, pasting, recycling, and/or constructing objects from paper. Paper art used to be limited with folk paper art such as taka and higante from Angono, parol, pastillas, wrappings, and kites.

Personal Ornaments These are objects that are worn on the human body. Jewelry falls under this form. These are worn either to enhance a part of the body of the wearer, to exhibit rank or status, or to symbolize ritualistic and emotional states. Photography This refers to the process of producing images using a light-sensitive chemical plate or film. Photographs are taken to serve as portraits and as propaganda which is a highly useful medium for an artist. Pottery Pottery is a general term for decorative and useful objects made from clay and set off at high temperatures. This is frequently interchanged with “ceramics”. However, it is important to note that the application of ceramics is wider and even includes industrial use.  Earthenware or Terracotta This type of pottery is made from clay and is usually fired at 1,700-2,100 ᵒF.  Stoneware This type of pottery is made from clay and feldspar.  Porcelain This type of pottery is made from kaolin, a special type of clay that is extra fine, white, and feldspar. Printmaking This refers to transferring images from a firm surface, such as metal or wood to a pliable surface, such as cloth or paper, using pressure. This is different from production because printmaking involves making the plate either by hand (of the artist) or mixed with mechanical means. Tattoo Art This refers to a body adornment permanently engraved on the skin using a sharp instrument and plant dyes or inks. Textile Weaving This refers to the process of creating cloth by interweaving a series of parallel vertical threads with another series of horizontal threads at right angles.

Lesson 4: Architecture Architecture is considered to be one of the most functional branches of the visual arts. We can freely see architecture in our surroundings because architecture involves designing the form of a building while allowing the building to serve its function. It is considered to be the “art to inhabit.” Throughout the Philippines history, both foreign and Filipino architects introduce innovations when it comes to creating buildings and large structures. Even though the design of buildings and homes are still Western-inspired, architects started to appreciate Filipino social traditions and cultural values. Local materials were used by architects like Francisco Mañosa, a Filipino architect considered as one of the most influential Filipino architects of the 20th century, in designing homes and buildings. In addition to that, they sought ways to express these traditions and values in architecture. FORMS OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE: Domestic Buildings and Houses Apartment This refers to a building composed of many residences called units. This is usually built in populated urban areas. Nowadays, to maximize the use of space and because of the increased buying power of the population, condominiums were developed. These condominiums are larger offshoots of apartments. Bahay na Bato The bahay na bato is considered to be a residence of the wealthy. A typical two-story bahay na bato generally has a ground floor that is made of brick or stone and has a wooden upper level. The windows and the level have grilles, while the. windows at the upper level have sliding shutters. The roof of a typical bahay na bato slants on four sides. Barong-barong The barong-barong are houses of the landless poor that are built on any land or area. These are usually found near the esteros, riverbanks, and bay shores; spaces along high walls, railroad tracks; spaces near abandoned buildings, and garbage dumps; or any vacant lot. Some of these barong-barong are built under bridges. Bungalow This refers to a one-story house with a wide front porch and large windows. It may also have a terrace, which may be roofed or not. Ethnic Houses Bahay Kubo The bahay kubo is considered an ethnic house of Christian peasant families living in the lowland areas. This is typically owned by families belonging to low-income groups. Houseboat

The houseboat is a boat that also serves as a dwelling. The Badjaos or Sama Laut typically reside in houseboats. One-and-a-Half Story House The one-and-a-half-story is characterized by an upper level or story covering just a half of the lower level. This may also become a split-level house if half of the ground level is higher in such a way that it is halfway between the ground level and the upper level. Split-level House The split-level house in the Philippines has two main levels. The lower-level houses have the kitchen, living, and dining areas, while the upper level has bedrooms. These levels are separated by about half or less than half a story. Tsalet The Philippine tsalet refers to a suburban house that has one story, a two-story house with living quarters on the upper level, or an elevated one-story house. The term tsalet came from the term “chalet” which refers to a peasant house in Switzerland that has upper levels jutting over the lower levels, a steep roof, and a decorated gable. Commercial Buildings Market (Palengke) This refers to a place or building for buying and selling goods. This is also referred to as tindahan, and tiyangge. Nowadays, the palengke has evolved into the supermarket which puts the wet market and the grocery together in the same complex. The mall, or galleria, is considered a more recently evolved form of the palengke. Buildings that house banks, business offices, and factories These buildings have plain wall surfaces and large windows. These also have bold rectangular forms and clean lines. Government Buildings Capitol (Kapitolyo) This refers to the building of the provincial government. Most of the kapitolyo in the country use columns and pediments in the exterior of the buildings. Town Hall (Munisipyo) This refers to the building of the municipal government. The offices of the mayor, the municipal council, the municipal court and jail, and other important offices such as the municipal registrar’s office are located here. There are some instances, however, when the municipal court and jail are housed in a separate building called tribunal. Public Buildings and Structures School (Eskwelahan) This refers to a place where young people are educated to become productive members of the community. The most common style of the eskwelahan is American- influenced, which featured a concrete structure elevated on stilts.

Kamalig The Kamalig is the Tagalog term for a building used for storing grain. This is considered to be the most economically significant structure among the tribes in Northern Philippines. In some provinces, especially those in the lowland areas, the bahay kubo or nipa hut can be used as a form of kamalig. Masjid The masjid or mosque refers to a place of worship of the Muslims. A typical Philippine mosque has the following features: a tower called a minaret, a prayer niche called a mihrab, the dome, arches that are reinforced with pillars, and a pulpit called mimbar. Cemetery (Sementeryo) A cemetery is a place where people bury the dead. It has other names, such as kampo santo, pantyon, and libingan. A cemetery had a small chapel and vaults or nichos surrounding the chapel. Nowadays, memorial parks are developed. Church (Simbahan) The simbahan is a place of worship for a Christian congregation. How a church was designed usually depends on the religious denomination it belongs to. Movie House (Sinehan) The sinehan is a place where people watch film or motion pictures. Theatre (Teatro) The teatro is a building for dance, musical, and theatrical presentations. This is different from an auditorium because the teatro is essentially a separate building compared to the former. Other Forms and Structures Fort (Kuta) These are structures that are built to defend a community against enemies. These are usually found in areas with natural barriers, such as cliffs, hills, narrow passes, mountains, and waters. Lighthouse (Parola) The lighthouse is a structure built on an island, peninsula, or rock to ensure that ships will be able to pass through a narrow area safely. Bridge (Tulay) The tulay is a horizontal structure that serves as a passageway between two areas separated by a body of water, a hollow area, or a road.

Module 2 Lesson 1: What is Philippine Contemporary Arts Contemporary art generally refers to art being created now. Contemporary is derived from the Latin prefix con, which means “together” or “with”, plus tempus, which means “time”. The chronological view defines contemporary art as related to this current period in art history and refers to art that is new, recent, modern or pertains to the present moment. The historical usage, meanwhile, regards contemporary art as a specific stage in the story of the evolution of art, referring to a specific location in space and time. Contemporary art emerged in the Philippines in reaction to social and cultural realities during the 1970s which is an era of repression and censorship of artistic expressions. Philippine art became a means to oppose the regime, and the political art of social realism flourished at this time. Socio-realism is an art movement that sought to expose the real condition of Philippine society and used art to transform it. Progressive art developed a culture that would convey the authentic aspirations of the Filipino people. The end of Martial Law in the wake of the EDSA People Power Revolution in 1986 brought the Philippines into the contemporary period, and the art produced in this period is regarded as contemporary art. Contemporary art as a Breaking of Norms Contemporary art can be seen as a transgression of established norms and rules. Established art forms are scrutinized and contemporary art reworks them to see them with fresh eyes. Contemporary art is ruled by the cult of the new, endeavoring to create works of art that are “radical” and “interdisciplinary”. Appropriation is an important preoccupation in contemporary art which is the practice of creating a new work by taking a pre-existing image or from another context and combining the borrowed image with new ones. Contemporary art and Local Heritage Contemporary art professes an awareness of local heritage which is something that can be passed from one generation to the next, can be conserved or inherited, and has historic or cultural value. These are physical objects, places of heritage, and the various practices of heritage unique to the region or locality that are conserved or handed down from one generation to the next. FUNCTIONS OF CONTEMPORARY ART: Contemporary art for Pleasure - A visual delight in the work of art, can take many forms including an appreciation of beauty or decoration, or delight in an element of surprise. Most cultures that have a definition of beautiful, define it as something pleasing to the eye, and often resembling an idea of some sort. Contemporary art as Profession - Artists earn a living through their art since art and ideas are never free. They possess value in the complex web of the creative industries

that combine the creation, production, and commercialization of creative content which are tangible and cultural. Contemporary art as Commentary - Art has been used to answer our need for information. Artists who fulfill our need for commentary often speak in a language easy to understand, they view art as a primary goal to communication using the subject matter. Contemporary art in Spirituality - Artists may create art to express spiritual beliefs about the destiny of life controlled by the force of a higher power. Contemporary art as Remembrance - Art can be a remembrance which is something done as an aid to memory. We need to commemorate important events and people that have shaped our history and show reverence for those who have gone before us. Contemporary art as Self-expression - Art fulfills an expressive function when an the artist conveys information about his or her personality, feelings, or worldview.

Lesson 2: National Artists of the Philippine To be a National Artists is considered to be the highest national recognition given to Filipino individuals who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts which is awarded by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts together with the Cultural Center of the Philippines. NATIONAL ARTIST FOR VISUAL ARTS: Fernando Amorsolo (May 30, 1892 – April 24, 1972) Amorsolo is the first National Artist in the country and was known for using the backlighting technique in painting making his creations bright and cheerful. Carlos “Botong” Francisco (November 4, 1912 – March 31, 1969) Francisco revived the art of mural and was considered to be the most distinguished mural painter for about three decades and was known for using historical events as subject matter for his murals. Guillermo E. Tolentino (July 24, 1890 – July 12, 1976) Honored as National Artist for Sculpture in 1973 and was known for designing the seal of the Republic of the Philippines, and the gold and bronze medals for the Ramon Magsaysay Award. Tolentino’s works include the “UP Oblation”. Napoleon V. Abueva (January 26, 1930) Abueva was considered to be the Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture. He is skillful in creating both representational and modern abstract sculptures using a wide variety of materials. He was also known for creating “buoyant sculpture,” a type of sculpture to be viewed from the surface of a pool. Victorio C. Edades (December 23, 1895 – March 7, 1985) Recognized as the Father of Modern Philippine Painting and was known for using dark somber colors in his paintings. His works focused on factory workers, laborers, or other simple townspeople. Vicente Manansala (January 22, 1910 – August 22, 1981) He was known for his paintings depicting realistic themes using an abstract or a cubist style. He believed that “the beauty of art is in the process, in the moment of doing a particular painting, closely associating it with the act of making love. Hernando R. Ocampo (April 28, 1911 – December 28, 1978) Ocampo was largely known for his abstract paintings. His works featured shapes bounded with curved lines painted in intense colors. His masterpiece “Genesis” was UP Oblation

used as the basis of the design of the curtain of the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Main Theater. Cesar Legaspi (April 2, 1917 – April 7, 1994) Legaspi was known for utilizing and refining cubism, a style involving breaking parts into geometric shapes, in his paintings. Elizalde Navarro (May 22, 1924 – June 10, 1999) He was known for his hardwood masks reflecting the human and the animal, abstract paintings in oil and watercolor, and assemblages. He was also known for his fiction works for This Week of the Manila Chronicle, and his figurative drawings for Lydia Arguilla’s Juan tamad. Ang Kiukok (March 1, 1931 – May 9, 2005) He was known for his paintings expressing nationalism and sociological agenda during the ’60s through vivid cubistic figures. His works include “Geometric landscape,” “Pieta,” and the “Seated Figure.” NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR ARCHITECTURE: Pablo S. Antonio (January 25, 1902 – June 14, 1975) He was considered a pioneer in modern Philippine architecture. A prominent feature of his designs is the use of natural light and cross ventilation. According to Antonio, buildings should be planned with austerity in mind and its stability forever as the aim of true architecture; that buildings must be progressive, simple in design but dignified, true to a purpose without resorting to an applied set of aesthetics and should eternally recreate truth. Leandro V. Locsin (August 15, 1928 – November 15, 1994) His designs usually feature themes of floating volume and a mix of both eastern and western aesthetics. Ildefonso P. Santos (September 5, 1929 – January 29, 2014) Santos pioneered landscape architecture in the Philippines. His work in the Makati Commercial Center incorporated fountains, sculptures, and landscapes into a shopping area. NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR LITERATURE: Historical Literature Carlos Quirino (November 4, 1910 – May 20, 1999) He is the first and so far the only National Artist for Historical Literature and was also known for writing “The Great Malayan,” which is considered to be one of the earliest biographies of Jose Rizal. Literature Francisco Arcellana (September 6, 1916 – August 1, 2002)

Arcellana is a writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist, and teacher, who is recognized as one of the pioneers in writing modern Filipino short stories in English. He also originated the lyrical prose-poetic form in writing short stories. N.V.M Gonzales (September 8, 1915 – November 28, 1999) Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales is a fictionist, essayist, poet, and teacher. He earned numerous recognitions including the First Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940, the Republic Cultural Heritage Award in 1960, and the Gawad CCP Para sa Sining in

Nick Joaquin (May 4, 1917 – April 29, 2004) He is considered the most distinguished Filipino writer in English writing. His body of work extends from short stories to poems to essays which includes journalism and reportage. He used the name Guerre Quijano de Manila as a journalist. F. Sionil Jose (December 3, 1924) F.Sionil Jose is one of the most widely-read Filipino writers who founded the Philippine chapter of the international organization PEN. Alejandro Roces (July 13, 1924 – May 23, 2011) Roces is known for his comic short stories which include “My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken.” He also led the campaign to change the country’s Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. Edith L. Tiempo (April 22, 1919 – August 21, 2011) Tiempo is a poet, fictionist, teacher, and literary critic who founded the Siliman National Writers Workshop in Dumaguete City with her late husband Edilberto K. Tiempo. Virgilio S. Almario (March 9, 1944) Also known as Rio Alma, he is among the notable modernist poets. He reinvented the traditional Filipino poetry forms. Amado V. Hernandez (September 13, 1903 – May 24, 1970) Hernandez is known for his contribution to the development of Tagalog prose through the use of colloquial style. Carlos P. Romulo (January 14, 1899 – December 15, 1985) Romulo is noted as a diplomat and an awarded journalist. He is the first Asian President of the United Nations General Assembly, and the only Asian to win the Pulitzer Prize in Journalism for his articles on World War II. Bienvenido Lumbera (April 11, 1932) Lumbera is a multi-awarded poet, critic, and librettist. His works includes Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (poems in Filipino and English), 1993; Balaybay, Mga Tulang Lunot at Manibalang, 2002; Sa Sariling Bayan, Apat na Dulang May Musila, 2004; Tales of the Manuvu and Rama Hari. NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR DANCE, MUSIC, FILM, AND THEATER: Cinema/Film

Lamberto V. Avellana (February 12, 1915 – April 25, 1991) Avellana was tagged as the “The Boy Wonder of Philippine Movies” as early as 1939. Kalderong Pilak was the first film by a Filipino filmmaker shown at Cannes International Film Festival. Manuel Conde (October 9, 1915 – August 11, 1985) Conde is known for producing and directing films based on old Filipino tales such as Siete Infantes de Lara. (1950), Si Juan Tamad (1974), Ang Ibong Adarna (1941). He also brought to the silver screen stories from other parts of the world like Genghis Khan (1950). Eddie S. Romero (July 7, 1924 – May 28, 2013) He is a screenwriter, film director, and producer who is behind the Filipino classics such as “Ganito Kami Noon...Paano Kayo Ngayon?”, “Banta ng Kahapon” and “Aguila” as well as the 13-part series “Noli Me Tangere”. Lino Brocka (April 3, 1939 – May 22, 1991) Catalino “Lino” Ortiz Brocka is recognized for his films that explore the lives of people in the marginalized sectors. Brocka also directed theater organizations such as the Philippine Educational Theater Association (PETA) and the Concerned Artists of the Philippines (CAP). Gerardo de Leon (September 12, 1913 – July 25, 1981) De Leon is a prominent filmmaker in the ’50s and ’60s producing classics such as “Daigdig ng Mga Api,” “Noli Me Tangere,” “El Filibusterismo,” “dyesebel” and “Sisa.” Ishmael Bernal (September 30, 1938 – June 2, 1996) Bernal, who was hailed by the critics as “The Genius of the Philippine Cinema,” is known for directing films that project the realities of the Filipinos. He was hailed as Director of the Decade of the 1970s by the Catholic Mass Media Awards; four-time Best Director by the Urian Awards (1989, 1985, 1983, and 1977); and given the ASEAN Cultural Award in Communication Arts in 1993. Ronald Alan K. Poe (August 20, 1939 – December 14, 2004) More known as Fernando Poe, Jr. He is an icon in the film industry as an actor, director, writer, and producer. He starred in films like “ Mga Alabok sa Lupa” (1967), “ Partida”. (1985), “ Ang Probinsyano” (1996), and others. Dance Francisca Reyes Aquino (March 9, 1899 – November 21, 1983) She was known for her research on Philippine folk dances, which later resulted in a thesis entitled “ Philippine Folk Dances and Games.” It was distributed to public and private schools.

Leonor Orosa Goquingco (July 24, 1917 – July 15, 2005) She was known as the “Mother of Philippine Theater Dance,” Goquingco blended folkloric and Asian styles in ballet choreography. She was a founding member of the Philippine Ballet Theater and the Honorary Chair of the Association of Ballet Academies of the Philippines. Ramon Obusan (June 16, 1938 – December 21, 2006) A dancer, choreographer, artistic director, researcher, and documentary filmmaker. He was able to promote Filipino culture in other countries using the art of dance through the Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group. Lucrecia Reyes – Urtula (June 29, 1929 – August 24, 1999) Reyes-Urtula was the dance director of the Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company, for which she choreographed different Philippine folk, ethnic dances, pageants, and festivals. Alice Reyes (October 14, 1942) Reyes is known for blending styles and movements from Philippine indigenous dance, classical ballet, and modern dance in expressing Filipino subject matters. This is said to be the “contemporary dance language that is uniquely Filipino.” Music Antonino Buenaventura (May 4, 1904 – January 25, 1996) He was known for his marches including the “Triumphal March,” “History Fantasy,” “Echoes from the Philippines,” and “Ode to Freedom.” He was a conductor of the Philippine Army Band. He wrote compositions for solo instruments, symphonic and orchestral works, which are based on Philippine folksongs. Ernani Cuenco (May 10, 1936 – June 11, 1988) He was known for the following songs: “Bato sa Buhangin,” “Gaano Kita Kamahal,” “Inang Bayan,” “Isang Dalangin,” “Kalesa,” and “Pilipinas.” These works brought contemporary Filipino music to a higher level. In the song, “Gaano Kita Kamahal”, he added elements of Kundiman. He played with the Filipino Youth Symphony Orchestra and the Manila Symphony Orchestra from 1960 to 1968. Francisco Feliciano (February 19, 1941 – September 19, 2014) His major works include “Ashen Wings,” “Sikhay sa Kabila ng Paalam,” and “Pamugun.” He was known for the use of modal scales in his operas and orchestral works. He used indigenous music in his compositions. Jovita Fuentes (February 15, 1895 – August 7, 1978) She was best known for her portrayal of Cio-cio San in Giacamo Puccini’s Madame Butterfly in Italy in April 1925. When she returned to the Philippines, she established the Artists’ Guild of the Philippines to instill a love for opera in her countrymen. Jose Maceda (January 31, 1917 – May 5, 2004)

He conducted researches and fieldwork to explore Filipino traditional music further and to understand the nature of Philippine ethnic and traditional music. His efforts gave birth to a huge number of recorded Philippine ethnic and traditional music. Theater Daisy Avellana (January 26, 1917 – May 12, 2013) She co-founded the Barangay Theatre Guild, together with her husband, National Artist Lamberto Avellana, in 1939. This move made theatre and dramatic arts popular in the country. She was known as the director of films “Diego Silang” (1968) and “Walang Sugat” (1971). Honorata “Atang” dela Rama (January 11, 1902 – July 11, 1991) She was named National Artist for Theater and Music in 1987. She was known as the Queen of Kundiman, and the first actress to portray a 15-year-old in the very first Tagalog film, which was the film version of the Sarsuela “Dalagang Bukid.” Salvador F. Bernal (January 7, 1945 – October 26, 2011) Honored as National Artist for Theater Design in 2003, Bernal used local materials including bamboo, abaca, hemp twine, and rattan in theater design for local productions. Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero (January 22, 1910 – May 1, 1995) He served as the director of UP Dramatic Club for 16 years since 1947. He founded the UP Mobile Theater, which started the concept of the theater campus tour. Severino Montano (January 3, 1915 – December 12, 1980) He organized the Arena Theater Playwriting Contest which became the initial ground for playwrights to showcase their talents in writing while serving as Dean of Instruction of the Philippine Normal College. GAWAD SA MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN (GAMABA): Eduardo Mutuc (2005 awardee) He dedicated his life to creating religious and secular art in silver, bronze, and wood. According to him, craftsmanship begins with respect for one’s tools and the medium, and the only way to improve one’s skills is to immerse oneself, learn the technique and practice. Darhata Sawabi (2005 awardee) She is a Tausug weaver of pis syabit – the traditional cloth tapestry worn as a headcover. Women in Sulu province have grown up learning in weaving the pis syabit and she is one of those who took the art of pis syabit making to heart. Haja Amina Appi (2005 awardee) She is recognized as a master mat weaver among the Sama indigenous community for her unique designs, straightness of her edging (tabig), and fineness of her sasa and kima-kima. Lang Dulay (1998 awardee)

She is a T’boli traditional weaver of “tinalak” or T’boli cloth made of colorful abaca fabrics. She used abaca fibers as fine as hair which speaks more eloquently than words can. Salinta Monon (1998 awardee) She is a Tagabanwa-Bagobo traditional weaver of distinct abaca fabrics called inabal. She developed a keen eye for the traditional designs and can identify the designs as well as the author of a woven piece just by a glance. Alonzo Saclag (2000 awardee) He is a Kalinga master of dance and the performing arts who mastered not only the Kalinga musical instruments but also the dance patterns and movements associated with his people’s ritual. Federico Caballero He is a Sulod-Bukidnon epic chanter who works for the documentation of oral literature. He is considered a bantugan which means a person who has attained distinction. He strikes to dispense justice in the community through his work as a manughusay which is an arbiter of conflicts. Masino Intaray (1993 awardee) He is a prolific and pre-eminent epic canter and storyteller recognized for his outstanding mastery of various traditional musical instruments of the Palawan people, such as basal , kulilal, and bagit. He is an outstanding master of the basal , kulilal (musical ensemble), and bagi t; a gifted pot, bard artist, and musician. Samon Sulaiman (1993 awardee) He is Magindanaon, who is highly sophisticated in weaving, okir designs, jewelry, metalwork, and brassware which art is Southeast Asian yet distinct. Uwang Ahadas (2000 awardee) His near-blindness eyesight made music his constant companion. He is a Yakan , a people to whom instrumental music is of much significance, connected as it is with both the agricultural cycle and the social realm. Magdalena Gamayo (2012 awardee) She is a master weaver who makes “inabel”, an Ilokano handwoven cloth. She was awarded for her wide array of skills in textile weaving. Her handiworks are finer than most abel. Her blankets have a very high thread count and her designs are the most intricate that sometimes take up to five colors.

Lesson 3: Contemporary Art form: Elements and Principles Each visual art form not only exhibits the skills of the artists but also showcases the ideas coming from the mind of that artists. Understanding the elements and principles of contemporary arts is vital in appreciating all of the art forms in the Philippines. This lesson focuses on the elements and principles of contemporary arts of performing arts and literature. Hence, Visual arts were tackled in our previous lessons. LITERATURE This is a body of workshops that show the best that has been thought and said or works that signify the achievements of a particular culture. Types and elements of literature: Prose and Poetry Poetry refers to expressing feelings or ideas with the use of figurative or symbolic language.  Meaning. A writer can use idioms, new words, allusion, and connotations in expressing his feelings or ideas.  Figurative language. A writer may use simile, metaphor, and other figures of speech in expressing something differently aside from its literal meaning.  Imagery. This consists of descriptions and details that can trigger the readers’ senses.  Sound and Rhythm. Sound is the emphasis on certain words while rhythm is the position of beats or the sound pattern of the work. Prose is a literature that is not poetry with two categories: informative and persuasive, just like an essay.  Theme or content. This is the general thought or idea of the composition.  Style. This refers to the choices of words and sentence structures used to convey the message.  Form and structure. This is the sequence of topics and transitions that make the whole essay.  Plot or storyline. This is the sequence of events in the story that gives the flow of the narrative.  Characters. This can be a person, an animal, or even thing who takes part in the story.  Setting. This is the time and place where the story happened.  Theme. This is the central thought of the story.  Language and style. Style is the choice of words that includes sentence structures and figurative language that affect the mood of the story.  Point of view. The narrator may present the author himself from the third- person point of view. The narrator can also be one of the characters in the story from the first-person point of view.

Traditions and Forms Of Philippine Poetry: Ethnic Tradition  Epic. This relates to the adventures of a superhero with powers and serves as a code of values of a particular ethnic group.  Folk song. A song that is transmitted orally from one generation to another and known as awiting bayan in Tagalog.  Proverbs. Concise statements that teach morality and tradition and usually expressed as rhyming pairs of lines that depict two different elements.  Riddles. This describes an object in a different manner or in a way that is not easily understood and maybe a question for someone to discover the meaning.  Short poems. This usually has four lines, with 5-12 syllables per line.  Poetic jousts. This may involve marriage negotiations between two families in which every region has its version. Spanish Colonial Tradition  Metrical romance. This focuses on chivalric, folkloric, legendary, and religious themes.  Pasyon. This is written in a stanza with 5 lines with 8 syllables per line which recounts the life of Jesus Christ. This is useful as a source of images, stories of Jesus Christ. Forms of Contemporary Prose In The Philippines:  Folk narrative. Any story based on real or fictional events in the past told among the people in a community.  Myth. This is a story that explains the origin of the world and its first inhabitants.  Legend. Heroic and historical legend tackles episodes in the lives of great men and women. Religious legend narrates the display of miracles of God and the saints. Supernatural legend focuses on the existence of beings from the underworld. Toponymical legend explains why a certain place has this name.  Folktales. These are classified into animal tales or fables, magic tales, humorous tales, novelistic tales, religious and didactic tales.  Essay. This explains the insights or information using description, narration, and humor.  Novel. This is defined as the lengthy and complex narrative of events based on the author’s imagination.  Short story. This is a concise secular narrative with romantic, realistic, and radical traditions.  Komiks. This is a special form of contemporary literature which involves drawing frames showing a set of characters with their actions and usually contains a balloon enclosed with words or dialogue. MUSIC It is an arrangement of sounds to create continuous and unified compositions. Elements of Music:

 Melody. This is a succession of consecutive notes or tones changing in pitch and duration.  Rhythm. It has three qualities: tempo which describes how fast or slow is the music; meter which refers to the unit of time that is made up of beats or pulses; and rhythmic pattern.  Harmony. This is a combination of different tones or pitches played sung together at the same time.  Texture. This is the relationship between melodic and harmonic lines in music.  Dynamics. This is the degree of softness and loudness of the music.  Timbre. Also known as tone color which is the quality of sound generated by the instrument or voice.  Form. This refers to how the elements of music are organized. Forms and Types Of Philippine Music: Ethnic traditional music  Ballad. A song that explains an event occurring in a community.  Chant. A song with an unaccompanied melody and variable rhythm.  Song debate. A song involving male and female singers who try to outsmart each other about a certain topic. European-influenced Religious and Secular music  Art song. A composition characterized by merging the voice part, lyrics, and the accompaniment to achieve an artistic musical whole.  Habanera/Danza. This is a social dance in duple time.  Liturgical music. This is a vocal and instrumental composition that goes together with the official rites of Christian churches.  Kumintang. This is a dance of love accompanied by a guitar and a string bass and documented as a war song.  Pasyon chant. Refers to the various styles used throughout the country for the singing of the pasyon. American-inspired music  Classical music. This music includes classical music from the western world; and classical and modern music composed by Filipinos.  Semi-classical music. These include band and rondalla music, hymns and marches, sarswela music, and stylized folk songs.  Popular music. This includes original music composed by Filipinos which utilizes Western and local musical influences. DANCE It is an art involving a series of rhythmic human movements that are purposely selected and involves a mindful effort to combine movements. Elements of Dance:  Body element. This is how the body of the dancer moves, what part of the body moves, what actions are performed, and how the body supports itself.  Space. This focuses on the area where the dance is performed.  Time. This is the accent, beat, duration, meter, rhythm, and acceleration.

 Energy. This is referred to as dynamics. This element describes how energy is directed through the body, and how the body releases it.  Relationship. This is how the person relates to the stage and production elements. Forms and types of dances in the Philippines:  Folk dance. This is a dance that is developed and performed together by ordinary people. This includes ceremonial, combative, courtship, exorcism, funeral, game, torture, comic, and religious dances.  Ballet. This is a theatrical dance presentation in which a plot is integrated with dancing, music, and stage design.  Modern dance. A dance form that emerged during the 20th century and is still considered theatrical but it veers away from the technique and style of ballet. Other forms of dance  Aerobic dance. Dancing to the tune of popular music to increase consumption of oxygen over a while.  Bodabil dancing. This is used to be popular during the American period.  Jazz dance. This uses African dance techniques like isolation of individual human body parts, rhythm, and polycentrism.  Polynesian and Tahitian dance. These dances began from the people living in the Polynesian chain.  Tap dance. A dance that entails tapping with toes and heels to generate rhythmic patterns. THEATER It is an art form that involves performing carefully planned actions and emotions in front of an audience. The philippine theater is described as a wide range of mimetic performances that were created and presented during occasions. Elements of theater:  Performers. These are the persons who are on stage and portray their characters for the audience.  Audience. They serve as the witness of the performance and energy given by the performers.  Director. Serves as an overseer to the entire production and ensures that the performers do their job well and the design works well.  Performance space. This refers to the space in which the actors can perform and space for the audience to stand.  Design. This is essential in placing the overall feel of the production which includes lighting, set, costumes, and sound.  Text. This is the script to be presented in a play or production. Form and types of Philippine theater:  Dulang Pahiyang. The theater is not viewed as a separate activity but as part of life.  Dulambayan. Also known as people’s theater and considered “theater in the context of social movements”  Teatrong Pansimbahan. This is concerned with spirituality and is usually performed depending on the events in the church calendar.

FILM

This refers to a sequence of moving pictures shown on television or in cinema. Film- making became an industry in the Philippines during the 1950s. Elements of Film:  Time. This is considered the most significant element of cinema. Techniques of cinema.  Cutting or editing. Involves one shot with another, making sure that these two shots are connected.  Camera movement. This is done to have a smoother change of view.  Framing. This helps to bring balance to the film as it is being viewed. Forms and types of Film:  Aksyon (Action). This uses conflict as emphasis based on real-life stories or actual experiences of persons and based on the tradition of metrical romance or literary komedya.  Animation. A film that involves creating illustrations or inanimate images and bringing them to life.  Bomba. A film that depicts nudity and sex but is different from X-rated pornography.  Dokyu (documentary). This is a motion picture that narrates news events or explains other subject matter based on facts.  Drama. This is a motion picture that dwells on personal problems and conflicts which draws sentiment and emotion.  Experimental. This attempts to create something innovative or that is never done before with the camera.  Fantasy. This depicts scenes in an imaginary world.  Historical. This shows actual events that occurred in the past.  Horror. This is shown to bring fear to the audience.  Komedi (Comedy). This is to introduce or bring laughter to the audience.