12. Atomic Structure (HL)
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A detailed overview of atomic structure and ionization energy, covering key concepts such as first ionization energy, nuclear attraction, and the rydberg equation. It explains how electrons are arranged within atoms, the energy levels they occupy, and the factors influencing ionization energy trends across the periodic table. The document also includes examples and applications of these concepts, making it a valuable resource for students studying chemistry. It explores the relationship between energy levels, wavelength, and frequency, and provides practical examples for calculating ionization energy and determining wavelengths in line spectra. This guide is designed to help students understand the fundamental principles of atomic structure and ionization energy, enhancing their knowledge and problem-solving skills in chemistry. It also covers exceptions to ionization energy trends, such as the stability of half-filled and filled electron shells, and successive ionization energies.
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2023/2024
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12. Atomic Structure (HL)
Topic
(^12) :
first ionization energy
XXe^
IEi
X
(g) - X
- le^ IEz
X
&T q)
- > (^) X
- (g) +^1 Its Ifi <^ IEz <^ If^ ... when an^ e-^ is^ removed^ ,^ the^ nuclear^ attraction increases because^ atomic radius (^) decreases. To (^) understand :^ When^ on^ e is (^) removed
, the^ pt in^ the^ nucleus^
attract less
so they can attract (^) more (^) /power of attraction (^) is
greater)
. (^) less (^) pressure let so (^) easy to^ pull
Cattract)
lesse-- (^) More (^) force -> greater
attraction
ex :^ easier^ to
pull 50 kg
than (^) 100kg ·
..
8 50 <^100
O (^) T^8134 : L T S O^ 13e
- 12e- lle-
less radius-more attraction
outside (^) energy levels (^) - n (^) = 7 nearbyIs a n (^) = G n = 5
n = 4 inside
n (^) = 3 the atom n (^) = 2 I far (^) apart near n= 1 the^ nucleus^ - ·nucleus
Rydberg Equation : Determination (^) of wave
length
in line spectrum
= RH^
(hi= j) X (^) :
wavelength
m Rh (^) = Rhydberg
constant = 1. 097 x10"m
n:
principle quantum^
nbr (^) (nbr of energy level) (^) nf > ni DE : (^) Eo - Ei
= hu
= n
hi planck constant = 6.
626x10T/s V: frequency c:^ speed of^ light :^
2. 998 x10m^.^ s
V =
X when^ nf = e ,^ the^ e-is^ outside^ the^ atom
x =
f
c = XXV
DE =
hcRh(iii)
determine :
t
= 0 Calculate It^ , of H nHt :^1 , n.^ +^ =
DE = h. c.^ RH^
(hin DE (^) = 6. 62x10-3X . 2.^ 998x10*^ x 1.^097 X10n (^) (i jt) = (^2) , 179 x10-
Energy
needed to remove one e
To (^) remove one mole (^) of e-^ => multiply by^
Na)
It , = 2. 1979 x10-2x6.^ 02X
1312 kj/mol Application:^
15 25" 2p535'3p953d9p55Td"5p6s24f"5d"
igk It,=??^ ssps psdps dps fdps fdp^
6pO
5f
Is:25'^
2p635'3p4s/ (^) G do n= 1 # s r 111111 a hi (^) =
nfic
DE= ht
h
herh(hing = 6.^ 626x10-
x2998x10* (^) x 1. 097x (*) (X)
2. 179x10-"
x = (^1).^36 x (^10) "(
IEck= 1.^ 36x10-"^ x
. 602 x10 "
21p/mol App: n= 6.^626 x18-39yls (^) = 6. 626x10-3x2^.^ 998x
650x10-
C = 2. 998x100m . st
X = 650 n. m : 650x10-am^
= 3.^056 x10- " J LBP
AE= hu^ leyman series:1 1 2
= nx Balmer series^ n= 2 Paschen series^ n=
to (^) determine (^) wavelength (:
Clonization energyIE)
Rhydberg's constant^ =^1.
097x
energy required^
to nation t :=
RH
(hit
)
ionize on^ from
on orbit toanother
energy · (=^ 0)
wavelength (m)^ energy^ Cenergy^
needed to level remove^
one e:)
to determine^ energy (DE)^ : O E = hv^ frequency (s) energy (5)^ Plank's constant^ To^ findubr^ of moles: (^6). (^626) x10-393. 5- multiply E^ by Av (^) nbr.
② Plank's^ constant^ Rhyd's^
constant ex^ :^ Ex^6.^02 x10-
= N^ moles
DE =^ h.^ c.^ RH^
(hin
I
v of^
energy-a
light level · c^ =^ VX
substitute ③ DE = Eo-Ei^ so V (^) =
Exinalinitial (^) ·
Dr
equation
to (^) determine speed of^ light : vot - c=^ VX
light /^ 'wavelength^
c: 3 x100m/
fred
Trends in lonization (^) energy : across a (^) period It ↑ (nuclear attraction^ ↑^ , atomic^ radius^ 1) down (^) a groupIt t^