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Unit 02 _ Research Design, Study notes of Research Methodology

Christ University Research Methodology

Research Design Understand how to structure research effectively with easy explanations and logical flow.

Typology: Study notes

2025/2026

Available from 03/29/2026

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Unit02:ResearchDesign

ishe

AResearchdesign refers to aplan or blueprint fortheentire researchprocess

is anarrangementofconditionsforcollection analysationofdata in awaythat

suitstheresearchobjectiveandsaves

timecostandeffort Itaimsto answerthe

followingquestions whatisthe

study

about

Whereisthe

study

conducted

Whowillbestudied

Whenwasthestudyconducted

whyis thestudyconducted

Howisthedatacollected analysed

Theessentialsof aresearchdesign are

Sampling

design 1

how

sample

should

be

selected

from

population

statistical

design how

collected

data

should

be

analysed

Observation design conditions

under

which

data

isobserved

Operationaldesign methods techniquesfor

samplingobservation statistics

Need

forresearchdesign

GivesDirection toResearchers

Avoidbiasin research

Savestimecost effort

Reliability Accuracy

Ensuresproperdatacollection

Features

ofagoodresearch

design

Objectivity notopinionbased

Reliability can

be

repeated

Generalizability applies

tolarger

population

not

just

the

sample

Discover Study notes of Research Methodology Christ University

Partial preview of the text

Download Unit 02 _ Research Design and more Study notes Research Methodology in PDF only on Docsity!

ishe

A

Research

design refers to a plan

or blueprint

for

the

entire

research

process

is an

arrangement

of

conditions

for

collection

analysation

of

data in a

way

that

suits the

research objective andsavestime

cost and

effort

It

aimsto answer the

followingquestions what is

thestudy

about

Where

isthestudy

conducted

Who willbe

studied

When wasthe study

conducted

why

is the

study

conducted

Howis thedata

collected

analysed

The

essentials

of

a

research

design are

Sampling design

howsample

should

be

selected

from

population

statistical

design

how

collected data

should beanalysed

Observation

design

conditionsunder which data is

observed

Operational design

methods techniques

for

sampling

observation

statistics

Need

for

research

design

Gives

Direction

to

Researchers

Avoidbias in

research

Saves time

cost effort

Reliability Accuracy

Ensures

proper

data

collection

Features

of

a good

research

design

Objectivity

not

opinion

based

Reliability

canbe

repeated

Generalizability

appliesto larger

population not

just

the

sample

Validity

valid

resultmeasureswhat

it

issupposedto

Types

of

Research

designs

Exploratory

Research

design

it is

usedwhen

the

problem isnot

clearly

well

defined

by

researchers

trying

to

understand

theproblem generate newideasand

develop a

working

hypothesis It

does notleadto a

final

result or

conclusion but

opensthescope

for

further

research

It

requires

heavyflexibility

due to the

broad

scope of

study

which

is

later

narrowed down

by

changing

techniques

methods

ofstudy

andanalysis from

variousperspectives It's main purpose

is togenerate

new

ideas

gain

insights develop a working

hypothesis Itis

alsocalled

Formulative research

Variousmethods include

literature

survey

existing lit finding gaps

Experience

survey

peoplewith

practical

knowledge

interviews

Insight stimulating

Examples

analysing

special

unusual cases

Descriptive

Research

design

it is

used

whentheproblem is clearly defined

it

involves

describing

the

current state

of

affairs

i

e what is happening or

whathas

happened

The

researcher focuses

on

factfinding

andreporting itsmai

aim is to portray accurately

thefacts and

characteristics

of

people groups

or

individualsinvolved

in a

study

further enabling

comparisons predictions This

type

of

research

follows

a

rigid

approach is

also

called Ex

Post

FactoResearch

Various steps in

Descriptive

studiesincludes

defining the

research

problem

data

collection methods

sample

selection

collecting

data

processing analysis

reporting

Diagnostic

Research

Design

it is

used

to

understand the

causes behind

Sampling

Design

A samplingdesign

is a plan

or procedure

for

selecting a sample from

the

population beforedata

collection Since

measuring large

populations is time resource

consuming

researchers

oftenuse samples A

small

group

is

selected

to suitably represen

the

nÑ

simple

survey

performedon a sample

selected

from

performedonthe

entire

population

very

accurate

the

population not

accurate

high

risk

lowsampling

errorbuttime

of

sampling

error bias

economical

profanity

in

pilsability

stipie

digit

Random

sampling

convenience

sampling

stratified Sampling Judgement Sampling

Systematic Sampling

Snowball

Sampling

Cluster

Sampling

Quota Sampling

laws

of

Sampling

Law

of

statistical

Regularity

a

random

sample

if

selected

properly represents the

entire population

Law

of

Inertia

of

large

Numbers

larger

thesample size

more

accurate the

result

as samplingerror

reduces as sizeincreases

steps

in sampling design

defineuniverse

defineall

elementsrelevant tothe

research

decide

samplingunit

basic unit

selected

in a

sample

prepare

sourcelist sample frame

list

of

all

sampleunits

Ena mil

icsdfnt

potpaittiont

erical

determine sample size

no of

units

selected sample

is

selected fromthislist

choose

sampling technique

prob nonprob

Determination

of

a samplesize

Deciding

how

many

units

should

be

included

in a sample

sampling error

1st

ss use Iss

dispersion factor

netrogenous homogenous

nature

of

study

detailed general

technical butcarefully

selected

method used

probability nonprobability

resourcesavailable

less more

earlier techniques

provides guidance

confidence level

confidence

level low

confidencelevel

no

of

classes

or strata

more

adegrepresentation ss

insufficient

ss

Samplesize

for

categorical data

n 22 p

19

p

1

Tript

so

Sample

Size

for

continuous

data

n

Es

qq.fm

dsample

9

lowsampling

Error

Representative

Reliable

Bias

free

Sampling

Vs

Non Sampling

Error

Sampling

errors are

errors thatarisedueto the

difference between

sample

result

and

thetrue

value

of

thepopulation They

include Biasederrors

incorrect

sample

unbiased

errors

chance

Non sampling

Errors

are errorsthat

occur due

to

mistakes

in

data handling and

not

due tosampling

They

include Errors in

data

collection

Questionnaire errors

Unit 02 _ Research Design, Study notes of Research Methodology

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