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Unit 01 _ Introduction to Research, Study notes of Research Methodology

Christ University Research Methodology

Introduction to Research Learn the basics of research in a simple and clear way, perfect for beginners and exam preparation.

Typology: Study notes

2025/2026

Available from 03/29/2026

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Unit01:Introductionto

Research

iliane cylis

it 1n

iseiil l

15

Research is asystematic and refinedtechniqueofthinking employed

specialized

tools instruments andprocedures in orderto obtain amore

adequatesolution

ofaproblem thatwouldbepossible underordinary means

Theterm Research includes thefollowing aspects as well

original

contribution totheexisting

stock

ofknowledgemaking

forits advancemen

pursuit

oftruthwiththehelpof

study observation comparison experiment

systematicapproach

concerninggeneralisation the

formulationofatheory

the

search

ofknowledgethroughobjective systematic

method

offindingsolution

to aproblemis research

ObjectivesofResearch

Thougheachresearch studyhasitsownspecific purpose wemaythink

of

research

objectivesasfallingintoanumber

offollowing broadgrouping

To

gainfamiliaritywith aphenomenon orto achievenewinsights into it largely

applicabletoexploratory formulative research

Toportrayaccuratelythecharacteristicsof

aparticular

individual situation or agroup

applicabletodescriptiveresearch

Todetermine the

frequency

withwhichsomethingoccursorwithwhich itis associated

Ii mjp9

else diagnostic

researchstudies

other

isofacasual

relationshipbetweenvariables hypothesistesting

Significance

ofResearch

Research

means asystematic studyofatopic to

findnew

facts verifyexisting

knowledge or solve

problems Research is important in almostevery

field education

business science medicine economics law socialsciences

Creationofnewknowledge discovering

new

info generating

fresh

ideas

Verificationof

existingfacts check

if

existing

knowledge

is

correct

ornot

Discover Study notes of Research Methodology Christ University

Partial preview of the text

Download Unit 01 _ Introduction to Research and more Study notes Research Methodology in PDF only on Docsity!

i

l i ane

c

y

l

is

it

1

n

i s e i il

l

15

Research

is a systematic and

refinedtechnique

of

thinking

employed

specializedtools

instruments

and

procedures in order to obtain a

more

adequate

solution

of

a problem that

would

bepossible

under

ordinary

means

Theterm

Research

includes

the

following

aspects as well

original

contribution

tothe

existing

stock

of

knowledge

making

for

its

advancemen

pursuit

of

truthwith

thehelp

of

study

observation

comparison

experiment

systematicapproachconcerninggeneralisation theformulation

of

a

theory

the

search

of

knowledge through

objective systematic

method

of

finding

solution

to a

problemis

research

Objectives

of

Research

Though

each

research

study

has

itsown

specific

purpose

we

may

think

of

research

objectives

as

falling

into a

number

of

following

broad

grouping

To

gain

familiaritywith a

phenomenon

or

to

achieve

new

insights

into it

largely

applicable

to exploratory

formulative

research

To

portrayaccuratelythe

characteristics

of

a particular

individual situation

or a

group

applicabletodescriptive

research

To

determine

thefrequencywith

which

something

occursor with

which

it is

associated

Ii

m

jp

else diagnostic

research studies

other

is

of

a

casual

relationship

between

variables

hypothesis testing

Significance

of

Research

means

a

systematic

study

of

a

topic

to

find

newfacts verifyexisting

knowledge or

solve

problems

Research

is important in

almost

every

field

education

business science medicine economics

law

socialsciences

Creation

of

new

knowledge

discovering newinfo generating

fresh

ideas

Verification

of

existingfacts

check

if

existingknowledgeis

correct

ornot

helpsin

problemsolving

solve

reallifeproblems

aidsin

decision

making

reliable

accurate

data

reduces

uncertainty

promotes

innovation development

contributes

to

social

economic

development

improves

efficiency productivity

better

methods

are

developed to

increase productivity

expands

academic

professionalknowledge

understand subjects deeply

helpsinpolicy

formation

govt

uses

research

tomakepolicies laws

understandneeds

of

socie

encourages

logical

scientific

thinking

reduces

biasto

think

logically

helpsin

forecasting

predicting

future

trends

Research

MethodsVsResearch

Methodology

Research Methods Research

Methodology

focuses

on

the

techniquesand

tools

concerned

withthe

overall

strategy and

used

to

gather

data

framework

of

research

involves

specificproceduresandstepsto

deals

withthe

theoretical

andphilosophical

obtaininformation

underpinnings

determines

the

type

of

data

tobe

collected

guides

the

researchers

inselecting

appropria

andanalyzed

researchmethods

describes

the

process

of

data

collection

provides

a systematic approachto

conduction

analysed

research

relates

tothepractical

aspects

of

research relates

tothe

theoretical

aspects

of

research

a

subset

of

research

methodology encompasses

the

entire

research

process

specific

to a

particular

research

project applicable

across

differentresearch

projects

or

study

studies

methods

are applied

during

the

later

stage

methodologies areapplied

duringthe

initial

of

the

research

study

stage

of

the

research

process

examples

include

surveys

experiments examples

include

qualitative quantitative

interviews observations

and

minedmethods

meaning

research based

on

numbers quantities

research based

on

qualities feelings opin

type

of

data numerical

data non

numerical

data

measurement

uses

statistical

tools uses

interviews observations

purpose

to

measure

and

compare

to

understand reasons

motives

sample data

large

small

technicues

surveys

experiments

questionnaires indepth

interviews

projective

techniques

subject

focus

whathow

many

how

often

why

andhow

example

income

survey

motivationresearch

Conceptual

Vs

Empirical

Research

Basics Conceptual

Research

Empirical

Research

meaning researchbased

on

ideas

and

theories research

based

on

observation

and

experiment

nature

abstract

theoretical

practicalanddata

based

data

used

no

direct data

collection

primary

data

collected

firsthand

objective

develop orreinterpret

concepts testhypothesis

prove

relationships

control over

variables

no

control

full

control manipulation

canbe

verified

through

observation

verification

pig

org

laboratory experiments

example

OneTime

Research research

conducted

during

one

single

time

period

datais

only

collected

once

suitable whensituationdoes

notrequire

long

term

study

classificationbased

onTime

example

a

one

time

survey

on

customer

satisfaction

onetime longitudinal

Research Research

longitudinal

Research researchconducted

over

several

time

periods

helps

in

studying changes

over

time

more

detailed

andtimeconsuming

example studying

consumer

behaviour

over 5

years

classification based

on

Environment Field Setting

Research

conducted

in a

natural

or

real

life

environment

laboratory

simulation

g

Research Research

researcherobserves

subjectsin

theiractual surroundings

example studyingbuying

behaviour

in a shoppingmall

laboratory

Research conducted

in a

controlled environment

variables

are

controlled

by

the

researcher

example psychological

experiments in labs

SimulationResearch

uses

artificial

models

that

imitate

real

situations

useful

when

reallife

experimentation

is

risky

or

costly

example

business decisionsimulations

Clinical Diagnostic

Research

focus on case

studies

in

depthanalysis

is iii

ipism

of

problems

data

collection

is

very

deep

detailed

common

in

medical

psychological

socialresearch

Exploratory

Research conducted

toexplore a problem

when

little

information

is

available

main

aimis

development

of

hypothesis

nottesting

flexibleand

unstructured

classificationbased on

Purpose

euphs

pitilined

FormalizedResearch conducted

when

problemisclearly

defined

well

structured

designs

used

to

testspecific hypothesis

uses

systematic

methods

and

procedures

Criteria

of

a

good

Research

must

satisfy

the

following

criteria

purposeclearly

defined researchers

experience

reflected

research

process

is

detailed

findings

presented unambiguously

research

design throughly

planned

adequate

analysis

for

decision

makersneeds

high

ethicalstandards

applied

limitations

frankly

revealed

conclusions

justified

Qualities

of

a

Good

Researcher

are as

follows

Systematic

specifiedsteps tobe

taken

in

specified sequence

based on aset

of

predefined

rules

logical

necessaryfor

decision

making guided

by

rules

of

logical reasoning

Iiii

iii

iii iii

Research

Process

Formulation

of

the

ResearchProblem

Researcherselects

the

generalarea

of

study

The

prob

is

firststated broadly

then

narrowed

down The

problemis

rephrased

into

specific

andoperational

terms

Theproblem

must beclearly

defined objective andvalidThetwo

main steps

involved

are

understandingtheproblemthroughly

andrephrasing itanalytically

Entensive literature

Survey itis

done after theproblemis

formulated it

helps understandingthe

existing

knowledge

Sourcesinclude Journals Books government

reports

conference

papers

and

Bibliographies

Earlier similarstudies are

reviewed

Developing a Working

Hypothesis

itis

a

tentative assumption

made

todrawoutand

test

itslogical empirical

consequences

Itguidesthe

direction

of

research The

hypothesis

helps

in

focusingthe

study

decidingdata

type

andchoosing analysis

methods

Itis

developed

through

discussions

withexperts study

of

available

data

review

of

similarstudies a

exploratory

research

Prepare

Research

design

and.tt

n dDeti

mirchReiii

tnthee

Deijpintist

a

collision

of

iii

tinge Iiii

iii iii

Preparing

Research

Design

research

design

istheconceptualframework

of

the

study

ensures efficiency

minimumcost

and

manimum

information Considerations include

data

collection methods

skills

of

researcher

andstaff time

available

and

cost

involved

Collection

of

Data the

data

may

be

primary

andsecondary Primary

data

collected

through

experiments

surveys

Methodschosen

to

collect

datadepends on

nature

of

stud

timeavailable cost

desired

accuracy

Analysis

of

data

rawdatais

classified coded

or

tabulated Statisticaltools

are

applied

and computers are

oftenused

for

large

datato

help

identify

relationships trends

and

differences

Hypothesis

Testing

Tests

whether

the

hypothesis are accepted

or

rejected

Common

tests

include

chisquare

test

t

test

F

test

If

no hypothesis

exists generalisations

may

be

formed

for

futuretesting

Generalisations interpretation repeated

confirmations

lead

to

generalisations It

helps

in

building

theories Interpretation explains

findingsusing

theories

which

may

lead

to new

questions

further

research

Preparation

of

Report

Thesis

it

is

the

final

step

of

research Reportshould

include

prelimna

page

maintent end

matter Main tent

includesintroduction

summary

of

findings main

report

and

conclusions Appendices bibliographies

and

index

added

tothe

end Report

should

clear objective

written

in simple language

Charts usedwhen

necessaryand

limitations

an

confidence

limits

mustbe

mentioned

Research

Problem

A

Research

problem

can

be

defined

as a

gap

or uncertainty inthe

decision

makers

existing body

of

knowledge

which inhibits

efficient decision

making

The

gap

couldb

academic theoretical

or

realtime andaction

oriented

A

Research

problem

in

general

refers

to

some

difficulty

which

a

researcher

Survey

availableliterature

existing

data

preventrepetition

iii

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.iiiii.am

Research

GapType

Evidence

Gap

contradictory

evidence

gap

results

from

studies

allow

for

conclusions

intheirown

right

but contradictory

when

examined

from

abstract

view

Knowledge Gap

knowledge

void

gap

desired research

findings

donot

exist

Practical

knowledge Gap

action

knowledge

conflict

gap

professional

behaviour

iiiiijiiitiiiiiii.in

igniip

iii iii iii man

isnecessary togeneratenewinsights or to

avoid

distorted

findings

Empirical Gap

evaluation

void

gap

research

findings

orpropositions

need

tobe

ÉiÉticai

p

eoÉ

application

void

gap

theory

should

beapplied

to

certai

iiiiiiiiiiii.in

iiiiiaion iii

iii

ii iii

iii

or

under

researched

inthe

evidence

baseor

prior

research

Review

of

literature

Research literaturerefers

to already

published work

tothe

research

topic

It

is

what

the

other

researchers

have

already

studied

the same

topic

Importance

of

literaturereview

provides theinterpretation

of

existing

literature

helpsin calculatingtheimpact

of

latestinformation

research

gaps

scrutinized

initially

arefurther explored

provides

information

for

relevancy

and

coherency

brings

out

dialects

of

contradictions between

various thoughts

indicates

currentresearch

place

inthe

schema

of

aparticular

field

reviewtraces

progress

of

knowledge

relation

between

various

thoughts

helps in

familiarising

the

extent

of

knowledge in the

field

identified

gaps

are investigatedto

establish

new

facts

andaddvalue to

the

field

Types

of

Review

of

literature

Traditional

or

Narrative

Review

of

literature

this

type

critique

summarize

literature

to

draw

conclusionabout

a

topic

Systemic

Review

of

literature

this

method

usesmore

well

defined

approach

mainly

used

formaking

complete

list

of

all

published unpublished

studies relating

to

topic

type

of

review takes

large

quantitate findings

conducts

a

statistical

analysis

to

integrate

those

findings

enhance

understanding

Metasynthesis thisa a non

statisticalmethodused

to integrate

evaluate

interpret

findings of

multiple

similarquantitative

studies

toidentify

common

elemen

Research

Hypothesis

A

Research

Hypothesis is a clear

guess

or prediction

about

the relationship

betw

twoor more

variablesthat

a

researcher

wants

to test It

is

whatthe

researcher

expects

tohappen in thestudy It

gives

direction

to

research

helpsin data

collection

andanalysisand

makes

the

study

focused systematic

Types

of

Hypothesis

NullHypothesis

no

relationship

Alternative

Hypothesis

is

arelationship

Unit 01 _ Introduction to Research, Study notes of Research Methodology

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Unit 01 _ Introduction to Research and more Study notes Research Methodology in PDF only on Docsity!

i

c

is

Research

is a systematic and

employed

and

procedures in order to obtain a

solution

a problem that

would

bepossible

under

ordinary

Theterm

includes

the

aspects as well

tothe

existing

of

making

for

its

of

thehelp

of

systematicapproachconcerninggeneralisation theformulation

theory

the

of

finding

to a

problemis

of

Research

each

itsown

we

think

of

research

as

into a

of

broad

To

gain

or

to

new

into it

largely

to exploratory

To

portrayaccuratelythe

of

individual situation

or a

group

applicabletodescriptive

To

thefrequencywith

occursor with

it is

is

of

a

casual

Research

means

a

of

a

topic

to