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WGU D072 WGU Assessment Study Guide, Exams of Management Fundamentals

Western Governors University (WGU)Management Fundamentals

WGU D072 WGU Assessment Study Guide What is true about emotional intelligence in the workplace? - Importance EI Varies by situation and job position A supervisor conducts a 90 day evaluation with a new employee. Its recommended that the new employee take more initiative to complete tasks and to persevere, even on the most challenging days. - Motivation A manager recently decides to get employees involved in a new corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiative to show that the company is dedicated to making a difference in the local community. Which activity demonstrates an appropriate way to meet this goal? - Initiate a community technology recycling program for old computer

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Data Management Foundations WGU -
C175. Exam Questions & Accurate
answers, VERIFIED.
1. Flat Files: files having no internal hierarchy
2. Heap files: files containing an unsorted set of records that are uniquely identified by a record ID which
allows them to be inserted or deleted by that ID.
3. Index Files: files that store a list of lookup field values from a data file, along with the location
(address) in the data file of the corresponding record.
4. Hashed Files: files which use a hash function to decide where a record should be placed on a disk. This
allows for a faster data lookup without the use of an index file. - ✔✔-What are four different file types
that can be utilized in an older, file-based system?
Flat File - ✔✔-These are unstructured, plain text or binary files. To access or edit data, the entire file is
read into computer memory. After the database options have completed, the entire file is then written
back out.
Index File - ✔✔-The concept of this file is similar to the concept of an index in the back of a book. It
contains keywords and phrases that are located in a particular file. It also contains a pointer to the
location in the file where those keywords can be found.
- Data
- Information
- Knowledge - ✔✔-- This consists of raw facts which have not yet been processed to reveal their
meaning.
- This is the result of processing the above to reveal its meaning
- This is the body of information and facts about a specific subject
Data Management - ✔✔-A process that focuses on data generation, storage, and retrieval. Common
functions include addition, deletion, modification, and listing.
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Download WGU D072 WGU Assessment Study Guide and more Exams Management Fundamentals in PDF only on Docsity!

Data Management Foundations WGU -

C175. Exam Questions & Accurate

answers, VERIFIED.

  1. Flat Files: files having no internal hierarchy
  2. Heap files: files containing an unsorted set of records that are uniquely identified by a record ID which allows them to be inserted or deleted by that ID.
  3. Index Files: files that store a list of lookup field values from a data file, along with the location (address) in the data file of the corresponding record.
  4. Hashed Files: files which use a hash function to decide where a record should be placed on a disk. This allows for a faster data lookup without the use of an index file. - ✔✔-What are four different file types that can be utilized in an older, file-based system? Flat File - ✔✔-These are unstructured, plain text or binary files. To access or edit data, the entire file is read into computer memory. After the database options have completed, the entire file is then written back out. Index File - ✔✔-The concept of this file is similar to the concept of an index in the back of a book. It contains keywords and phrases that are located in a particular file. It also contains a pointer to the location in the file where those keywords can be found.
  • Data
  • Information
  • Knowledge - ✔✔-- This consists of raw facts which have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning.
  • This is the result of processing the above to reveal its meaning
  • This is the body of information and facts about a specific subject Data Management - ✔✔-A process that focuses on data generation, storage, and retrieval. Common functions include addition, deletion, modification, and listing.
  • Database
  • Metadata
  • DBMS (Database Management System) - ✔✔-- This is a shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection of end-user data and metadata.
  • This is data about data, through which the end-user data is integrated and managed. It describes the data characteristics and the set of relationships that links the data found within the database
  • This is a collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database; serves as the intermediary between the user and the database. Data Inconsistency - ✔✔-This exists when different versions of the same data appears in different places. For example: when a company's sales department stores a sales representative's name as Bill Brown and the company's personnel department stores that same person's name as William G. Brown
  • Query
  • Ad-hoc query
  • Query result set
  • Data quality - ✔✔-- This is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation—for example, to read or update the data.
  • This is a spur of the moment question
  • The DBMS sends back this answer to the application that is asking the question
  • This is a comprehensive approach to promoting the accuracy, validity, and timeliness of data
  • Single user database
  • Workgroup database
  • Enterprise database
  • Centralized database
  • Distributed database
  • Cloud database
  • General-purpose databases
  • NoSQL (Not Only SQL) - ✔✔-- This is a special language used to represent and manipulate data elements in a textual format. It is being used to address unstructured and semistructured data storage and management needs with its own type of database
  • This term is generally used to describe a new generation of database management systems that is not based on the traditional relational database model. Used with companies like FB, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc that have tons of new data coming in every day. These are databases designed to handle the unprecedented volume of data, variety of data types and structures, and velocity of data operations that are characteristic of these new business requirements.
  • Data
  • Field
  • Record
  • File - ✔✔-- These are raw facts, such as a telephone number, a birth date, a customer name, and a year- to-date (YTD) sales value. This has little meaning unless it has been organized in some logical manner.
  • In a File system, a character or group of characters (alphabetic or numeric) that has a specific meaning. It is used to define and store data.
  • In a File system, a logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing.
  • In a File system, a collection of related records.
  • Structural Independence
  • Data independence
  • Logical data format
  • Physical data format - ✔✔-- A data characteristic in which changes in the database schema do not affect an application's ability to access data.
  • This exists when you can change the data storage characteristics without affecting the program's ability to access the data.
  • How a human being views the data
  • How the computer must work with the data
  • Data redundancy
  1. Poor data security
  1. Data inconsistency: when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different places.
  2. Data entry errors
  3. Data integrity problems - ✔✔-- This exists when the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places.
  • What are four problems this can lead to?
  • Data anomaly
  1. Update anomaly: when a change to data requires hundreds or more manual updates in records, this is easy to occur
  2. Insertion anomaly: if only one file exists and you need to add a new sales agent, for example, you would have to also create a dummy customer data entry to reflect the new agent's creation.
  3. Deletion anomaly: in a flat file, deleting customers would also delete the information of an active sales agent. - ✔✔-- This develops when not all of the required changes in the redundant data are made successfully.
  • What are three common types of the above? Data Dictionary - ✔✔-This compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model SQL (Structured Query Language) - ✔✔-This is the de facto query language and data access standard supported by the majority of DBMS vendors. It lets the user specify what must be done without specifying how to do it.
  • Data Modeling
  • Data Model
  • Problem Domain - ✔✔-- This is the first step in designing a database; it refers to the process of creating a specific data model for a determined problem domain.
  • This is a relatively simple representation, usually graphical, of more complex real-world data structures.
  • This is a clearly defined area within the real-world environment, with a well-defined scope and boundaries that will be systematically addressed.
  • Subschema
  • DML (Data Manipulation Language)
  • DDL (Data Definition Language) - ✔✔-- This is the conceptual organization of the entire database as viewed by the database administrator
  • This defines the portion of the database "seen" by the application programs that actually produce the desired information from the data within the database.
  • This defines the environment in which data can be managed and is used to work with the data in the database.
  • This enables the database administrator to define the schema components.
  • Relational Diagram - ✔✔-- This is a representation of the relational database's entities, the attributes within those entities, and the relationships between those entities.
  1. Objects: an abstraction of a real-world entity; these are roughly equivalent to Entities in the ER database model. Represents only one occurrence of an entity.
  2. Attributes: these describe the properties of an object.For example, a PERSON object includes the attributes Name, Social Security Number, and Date of Birth.
  3. Classes: a collection of similar objects with shared structure (attributes) and behavior (methods). Similar to an entity set from the ER model, but classes contain Methods which represent a real-world action such as "finding", "changing", or "printing" a selected PERSON's name
  4. Class Hierarchy: how classes are organized. This resembles an upside-down tree in which each class has only one parent. For example, the CUSTOMER and EMPLOYEE both share a parent PERSON class.
  5. Inheritance: the ability of an object within the class hierarchy to inherit the attributes and methods of the. classes above it, e.g. CUSTOMER and EMPLOYEE would inherit all attributes & methods from PERSON - ✔✔-What are the main parts of the OODM (Object-Oriented Data Model)? UML (Unified Modeling Language) - ✔✔-Object-oriented data models are typically depicted using this type of class diagram. This is a language based on OO concepts that describes a set of diagrams and symbols you can use to graphically model a system.
  • ERDM (Extended Relational Data Model)
  • O/R DBMS (Object/Relational Database Management System) - ✔✔-- This is an evolution of the relational model which adds many of the OO model's features within the inherently simpler relational

database structure. It gave birth to a new generation of relational databases that support OO features such as objects, extensible data types based on classes, and inheritance.

  • A DBMS that is based on the above model is referred to as what?
  • O/R DBMS
  • OO DBMS
  • XML (Extensible Markup Language) - ✔✔-- What type of DBMS represents the dominant market share of OLTP and OLAP database applications?
  • What type of DBMS is popular in niche markets such as computer-aided drawing/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), geographic information systems (GIS), telecommunications, and multimedia, which require support for more complex objects?
  • This has emerged as the de facto standard for the efficient and effective exchange of structured, semistructured, and unstructured data.
  1. Volume: amounts of data being stored.
  2. Velocity: speed data grows and need to process data quickly
  3. Variety: data being collected comes in multiple different formats - ✔✔-What are the basic characteristics of Big Data databases that are known as the "3 V's"?
  • Hadoop
  • MapReduce
  • NoSQL - ✔✔-- This is a Java based, open source, high speed, fault-tolerant distributed storage and computational framework. It uses low-cost hardware to create clusters of thousands of computer nodes to store and process data.
  • This is an open source application programming interface (API) that provides fast data analytics services. It distributes the processing of the data among thousands of nodes in parallel.
  • This is a large-scale distributed database system that stores structured and unstructured data in efficient ways.
  • HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) - ✔✔-- This is a highly distributed, fault-tolerant file storage system designed to manage large amounts of data at high speeds; uses the write once, read many model. Uses three types of nodes: a Name Node that stores all the metadata about the file system, a Data Node that stores fixed size data blocks, and a Client Node that acts as the interface with the user.
  • This is the state in which knowing the value of one attribute makes it possible to determine the value of another. The role of the above item is based on this concept. An example is being able to determine Profit if you are provided Revenue and Cost.
  • An attribute or combination of attributes that uniquely identifies any given row in a table.
  • Functional Dependence: The attribute B is fully functionally dependent on the attribute A if each value of A determines one and only one value of B. For example: PROJ_NUM → PROJ_NAME
  • Determinant (PROJ_NUM)
  • Dependent (PROJ_NAME) - ✔✔-- Occurs when the value of one or more attributes determines the value of one or more other attributes; when a specific terminology and notation is used to describe relationships based on determination.
  • This is the attribute whose value determines another
  • This is the attribute whose value is determined by the other attribute
  • Composite Key
  • Key Attribute
  • Superkey
  • Candidate Key
  • FK (Foreign Key)
  • Secondary Key - ✔✔-- This is a key that is composed of more than one attribute.
  • An attribute that is a part of a key is called a___
  • This is a key that can uniquely identify any row in the table; it functionally determines every attribute in the row.
  • This is a minimal, irreducible type of the above key—that is, it is without any unnecessary attributes. It is based on a full functional dependency.
  • This is the primary key of one table that has been placed into another table to create a common attribute.
  • This is a key that is used strictly for data retrieval purposes. An example would be a customer using their phone number instead of customer ID #.
  • Entity Integrity
  1. All of the values in the primary key must be unique
  1. No key attribute in the primary key can contain a null (reminder: a null is no value at all, NOT a zero or a space).
  • Null
  • Referential Integrity - ✔✔-- This is is the condition in which each row (entity instance) in the table has its own unique identity.
  • To ensure the above, what are the two requirements that the primary key must have?
  • This is the absence of any data value and should be avoided as they are problematic with the relational model.
  • This is the condition in which every reference to an entity instance by another entity instance is valid
  1. Delete Rules: involved when a table record is considered for deletion
  2. Update Rules: when an existing record is about to be updated
  3. Insert Rules: when a new record is about to be inserted into a table - ✔✔-What three types of rules do Relational DBMSs put in place to help enforce referential integrity?
  • Cascade Delete Rule
  • Restrict Delete Rules - ✔✔-- This rule states that if an attempt is made to delete a record in one table where one or more records with matching foreign key values exist in another table, all associated records will be deleted.
  • This rule states that in the above situation, that the delete operation will not be allowed.
  • This rule states that in the same situation, then the foreign key values are set to NULL so we know that the record they used to point to has been deleted. This would prevent something like a unique Customer ID being issued out twice when the original customer was deleted. Flags - ✔✔-Special codes implemented by designers to trigger a required response, alert end users to specified conditions, or encode values. Can also be used to prevent Nulls by bringing attention to the absence of a value in a table.
  • Relationship Degree
  1. A binary relationship: when two entities participate, and is the most common relationship degree.
  2. A unary relationship: when both participants in the relationship are the same entity; an association is maintained within a single entity
  • Cardinality
  • In terms of (x,y) with x being min and y being max. so next to COURSES would be (1,4) since a professor much teach at least one course and can do a maximum of 4 courses, and next to PROFESSOR would be (1,1) since each course can only be taught by one professor
  • Through Business Rules - ✔✔-- This is the classification of the relationship between entities such as 1:1, 1:M, or M:N
  • This expresses the minimum and maximum number of entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of the related entity
  • Given that one PROFESSOR can teach up to four COURSES, how would the above be expressed?
  • How are these established?
  • Modality
  • Modality 1 is a straight line, while Modality 0 has a little circle put on the straight line - ✔✔-- This denotes an instance of a specific entity is optional or mandatory in a relationship. For example, every OPEN ORDER must have a CUSTOMER, but not every CUSTOMER needs to have an OPEN ORDER.
  • How is this expressed in Crow's Foot notation?
  • Existent Dependent
  • Existent Independent
  • Strong Entity or Regular Entity
  • Crow's Foot since they are used extensively to design databases. The Chen notation is conceptual only and does not distinguish between weak or strong relationships - ✔✔-- An entity is said to be this if it can exist in the database only when it is associated with another related entity occurrence. A sign of this is if it has a mandatory foreign key—that is, a foreign key attribute that cannot be null.
  • This is when an entity can exist apart from all of its related entities.
  • What are two other names for the latter?
  • Which type of notation do these concepts go with?
  • A Derived Attribute; the Crow's Foot notation does not distinguish this
  • A Weak Relationship - ✔✔-- What does a dotted line signify in the Chen notation?
  • What does a dotted line signify in the Crow's Foot notation?
  • Weak or Non-Identifying Relationship
  • Strong or Identifying Relationship - ✔✔-- What exists if the primary key of the related entity does not contain a primary key component of the parent entity? For example, if a COURSE entity has a PK of CRS_CODE, but CRS_CODE is only a Foreign Key in the related entity CLASS and not part of its PK
  • What exists when the opposite occurs and the primary key of the related entity contains a primary key component of the parent entity? To use the above example, it would be if CLASS did inherit the CRS_CODE as part of its PK
  • Weak Entity
  • The weak entity will have a double-walled rectangle
  • There will be a "PK/FK" designation inside the rectangle - ✔✔-- This is an entity that meets two conditions: 1. It is existence dependent; cannot exist w/out the entity with which it has a relationship, and 2. It has a primary key that is partially or totally derived from the parent entity in the relationship
  • How is this distinguished in the Chen notation?
  • The Crow's Foot notation?
  • Optional Relationship Participation
  • Mandatory Relationship Participation - ✔✔-- This means that one entity occurrence does not require a corresponding entity occurrence in a particular relationship.
  • This is the opposite and means that one entity occurrence requires a corresponding entity occurrence in a particular relationship. Recursive Relationship - ✔✔-A relationship found within a single entity type. For example, an EMPLOYEE is married to an EMPLOYEE or a PART is a component of another PART. This can be 1:1, 1:M, or M:N
  • Chen
  • Crow's Foot
  • UML - ✔✔-- This notation of modeling is used primarily for Conceptual models
  • This notation is used primarily for implementation models
  • This notation can be used either for conceptual or implementation modeling
  • A Relational Table must not contain any Repeating Groups - ✔✔-- In a relation, this is a characteristic describing a group of multiple entries of the same type for a single key attribute occurrence. For example, a car can have multiple colors for its top, interior, bottom, trim, and so on
  • How do these interact with Relational Tables It has a Primary Key that consists of only one attribute. Since a partial dependency can only exist when a table's PK is composed of several attributes, a table whose PK is just one attribute is automatically in 2NF
  • ✔✔-What is an easy sign that a table is automatically in 2NF normalization?
  1. All of the key attributes are defined
  2. There are no repeating groups in the table, which means each row contains one and only one value per cell
  3. All attributes are dependent on the Primary Key
  • When it is in 1NF and also includes no Partial Dependencies, that is no attribute is dependent on one part of a composite key (2NF can still contain transitive dependencies)
  • When it is in 2NF and contains no transitive dependencies
  • BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form) - ✔✔-- What three things make a table considered to be in 1NF of normalization?
  • When is a table considered to be in 2NF?
  • When is a table considered to be in 3NF?
  • This is a special type of 3NF in which every determinant is a candidate key
  • Atomic Attribute (see also: simple attribute)
  • Ganularity; data stored at its lowest level is said to be Atomic Data - ✔✔-- An attribute that cannot be further subdivided to produce meaningful components. For example, a person's last name attribute cannot be meaningfully subdivided.
  • This refers to the level of detail represented by the values stored in a table's row
  • SELECT
  • FROM
  • WHERE
  • An example might look like this:

SELECT EMP_NAME, EMP_NUMBER

FROM EMPLOYEES

WHERE SALARY <= 50000 - ✔✔-- This SQL statement retrieves all rows that match the specified condition(s)

  • This SQL clause identifies which table to look in
  • This SQL clause adds conditional restrictions to the first statement that limit the rows returned by the query. The conditional statements are separated by logical operators
  • Alias - ✔✔-- This is an alternate name given to a column or table in any SQL statement. For example, changing the default name if you are exporting a value calculated from existing columns & rows
  • DATE ()
  • SYSDATE
  • AND, OR, and NOT
  • Boolean Algebra - ✔✔-- What function returns the current date in MS Access?
  • What about Oracle?
  • What are the three main logical operators in SQL?
  • What is the name of a branch of mathematics that uses these operators?
  • Use the "does not equal" sign. Depending on your version this may be "<>" or "!="
  • the "*" - ✔✔-- What is a workaround if your version of SQL doesn't support the use of the logical NOT statement?
  • What character would retrieve all of the columns from a table if the conditions of the SQL statement are met?
  • BETWEEN
  • IS NULL
  • LIKE
  • IN
  • EXISTS - ✔✔-- What special operator is used to check whether an attribute value is within a range?
  • DROP - ✔✔-- The SQL command used to make changes to table structure. When the command is followed by a keyword (ADD or MODIFY), it adds a column or changes column characteristics.
  • The SQL command that permanently writes changes to a datbase
  • A SQL aggregate function that outputs the number of rows containing not null values for a given column or expression, sometimes used in conjunction with the DISTINCT clause.
  • A SQL command that allows rows to be deleted from a table
  • A SQL command that is used to delete an index or table
  • AND
  • GROUP BY
  • HAVING
  • ROLLBACK - ✔✔-- The SQL logical operator used to link multiple conditional expressions in a WHERE or HAVING clause. It requires that all conditional expressions evaluate to true.
  • A SQL clause used to create frequency distributions when combined with any of the aggregate functions in a SELECT statement
  • A command applied to the output of the above clause which restricts selected rows based on a condition
  • This command restores the database table contents to the condition that existed after the last COMMIT statement
  • Business Intelligence (BI)
  • MDM (Master Data Management) - ✔✔-- This is a term that describes a comprehensive, cohesive, and integrated set of tools and processes used to capture, collect, integrate, store, and analyze data with the purpose of generating and presenting information to support business decision making.
  • This is a collection of concepts, techniques, and processes for the proper identification, definition, and management of data elements within an organization.
  1. ETL Tools (Data Extraction, Transformation, and Loading): these collect, filter, integrate, and aggregate internal and external data to be saved into a data store optimized for decision support; a process where data is migrated from source systems into data warehouses
  2. Data Store: optimized for decision support and is generally represented by a data warehouse or a data mart.
  3. Query & Reporting: performs data selection and retrieval
  1. Data Visualization: presents data to the end user in a variety of meaningful and innovative ways.
  2. Data Monitoring & Alerting: allows real-time monitoring of business activities.
  3. Data Analytics: performs data analysis and data-mining tasks using the data in the data store - ✔✔- What are the six basic components of a BI (Business Intelligence) framework? DSS (Decision Support System) - ✔✔-The precursor to the modern BI environment; it is an arrangement of computerized tools used to assist managerial decision making
  • OLAP (online analytical processing) - ✔✔-- These are DSS (Decision Support System) tools that use multidimensional data analysis techniques.
  • Data Cube
  • Cube Cache
  • Sparsity - ✔✔-- The multidimensional data structure used to store and manipulate data in a multidimensional DBMS. The location of each data value is based on its x-, y-, and z-axes. These are static, meaning they must be created before they are used, so they cannot be created by an ad hoc query.
  • The reserved memory area where the above are held in multidemensional OLAP
  • This is the measurement of the data density of the first item
  • ROLAP (Relational Online Analytical Processing)
  • MOLAP (Multidimensional Online Analytical Processing) - ✔✔-- Analytical processing functions that use relational databases and familiar relational query tools to store and analyze multidimensional data. Supports medium to large databases with unlimited dimensions.
  • This is similar to the above but for MDMSs (Multidimensional Database Management Systems). Uses business techniques to store data in matrix like arrays known as data cubes. Supports large data sets with predefined dimensions.
  • Dashboards
  • Portals - ✔✔-- In BI (Business Intelligence), a web-based system that presents key business performance indicators or information in a single, integrated view with clear and concise graphics.
  • In BI, a unified, single point of entry for information distribution