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WGU Pathophysiology (D236)
Describe how your body responds to an infection. T cells produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies. Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? Alterations of DNA Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. (ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias. Explain RAAS Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin > produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II > vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water > Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained. DKA increased anion gap, decreased HCO How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis retain H and excrete HCO Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? Potassium West Nile Virus Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck Lyme disease
Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Erythema infectiosum a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease" Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____. Spina bifida Trousseau's sign arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia Cause and sign of spina bifida results from failure of neural tube to close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back. hemophilia is more common in males Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes ND-PAE, decreased brain function, FAS Connective vs muscle tissue disorders Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia Describe Lupus Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain and butterfly rash Describe Myasthenia Gravis It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing. dermatitis inflammation of the skin eczema noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching
communiuted fracture splintered into many pieces Three types of skin cancer
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma basal cell carcinoma Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on face due to sun exposure squamous cell carcinoma Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm nodules. Melanoma The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at highest risk, usually black or brown lesion consequences when integumentary system is disrupted impaired immunity types of burns Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful Partial-thickness (2nd degree) - wet/pink/painful Full-thickness (3rd degree) - white/swollen/no pain Viltigo localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood subdural hematoma collection of blood under the dura mater Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease
Alz - affects language and memory Park - affects all executive functioning Huntington's disease Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement Sclerosis abnormal condition of hardening disorders that cause vision loss glaucoma - loss of pheripheral vision, cataracts - cloudy vision, retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision kyphosis excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back. disorders that cause hearing loss Meniere's disease - changes in fluid in tube of inner ear (imbalance and vertigo), Otitis media - middle ear infection Predisposing factors of ischemic stroke a fib, carotid stenosis, cerebral arteriosclerosis rheumatoid arthritis A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. Causes elevated WBC counts. cerebral contusion the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull; symptoms: ringing in ears, severe headache, n/v. TIA vs CVA TIA =
- result when a cerebral artery is temp blocked and decreases blood flow to brain
communicable disease A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another. infectious disease A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another. myocardial infarction causes damage to arteries of : brain, retina, heart, kidneys. what is expected in right sided heart falure JVD what characterizes hypertensive crisis systolic BP > 180 types of anemia
- Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC production)
- Iron Deficiency
- Folic Acid Deficiency
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious
- Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced)
- Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs) Where does cancer originate from in leukemia? bone marrow CD4 cells Helper T cells that mature in thymus that active B cells to create immunity Hodgkin's lymphoma distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells Lymphocytosis abnormal increase in lymphocytes, asymptomatic Stable angina
predictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin Upper respiratory tract infection common cold, laryngitis, croup, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis lower respiratory tract infection pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis conditions that lead to COPD smoking, asthma, dust, chemicals, genetics pnemonia an inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals. Hear crackles and rhonchi. Asthma treatment resistant bronchospasm, same category of COPD pneumothorax air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall cor pulmonale right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis Carbon dust, seen in coal miners. Massive exposure leads to diffuse fibrosis('black lung') common characteristics of chronic digestive system disorders (Celiac, Chron's, Colitis...) Abdominal pain, weight loss, changes in urination/bowel movements, bleeding, diarrhea, n/v.... common characteristics of acute digestive system disorders (GERD, IBS, Hiatal hernia...) Abd pain, bleeding, bloating, diarrhea, heartburn, n/v pyelonephritis Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection (commonly E. Coli) glomerulonephritis
failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to close pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas, can be cause by gallstone blocks common bile duct Chron's disease A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract, chronic symptoms: diarrhea, sores, fistula, weight loss Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys; formerly called acute renal failure Colon cancer symptoms/signs?
- Right sided - iron deficiency anemia
- Left sided - obstruction
- "Apple core" lesion on barium enema
- Pencil thin stools
- Hematochezia (bright red blood)
- Colicky pain
- Partial obstruction risk factors for renal cancer smoking, overweight, HTN risk factors for bladder cancer Smoking**, occupational exposure to dyes (benzenes, aromatic amines), Hx of gross hematuria, >40 y/o, hx of urologic disorder, Hx of irritative voiding symptoms, Hx of UTI, analgesic abuse, history of pelvic irradiation GFR (glomerular filtration rate) used to stage chronic renal disease common characteristics of endocrine system disorders dark skin spots, low BP, fatigue, n/v/d common treatments for prostate and testicular cancers orchiectomy or radiation pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; symptoms: pain in pelvis, abd, vagina, during sex, during urination, cramps, vaginal dischrge/odor Thyroid cancer Papillary carcinoma, lump in neck - dysphagia, voice changes Graves disease an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos. Other symptoms/signs: tachycardia, thick patch of skin on legs, protruding eyes, weight-loss, insomnia Hypothyroidism A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal - T3 and T are low, but TSH high. chronic fatigue, brittle nails, constipation Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) a complication of diabetes that is caused by having too little insulin; also called hyperglycemia. can cause cerebral edema; lipolysis with ketone formation is a hallmark. causes of diabetes type 1: beta cells in pancreas are destroyed (autoimmune) type 2: overweight, body becomes insulin resistant gestational: hormones during pregnancy cause glucose levels to rise diabetes insipidus (DI) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH acromegaly abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone by pituitary gland Cushing's disease (Remember: UP, UP, UP, DOWN, UP )
- HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia Gonorrhea
using cold for therapeutic purposes, used for prostate therapy Explain Starling's Law of Capillary Forces and how it causes edema. Starling's hypothesis states that the fluid movement due to filtration across the wall of a capillary is dependent on the balance between the hydrostatic pressure gradient and the pressure gradient across the capillary. This causes edema by the retention of water in the tissues instead of vascular system. Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the blood? glucose is used for energy and is not synthesized by the brain, so it is needed to maintain brain/motor functions Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes Type 1- The body's immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that produces insulin (typically in kids/ teens) Type 2- "insulin resistance" - when cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin. Differentiate between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It is general and non- specific, which means it does not differentiate between types of pathogens. Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that is built up as we are exposed to diseases or get vaccinated. Describe how and why our injury response results in the signs of redness, swelling, heat, and pain? Be sure to use chemokines, histamine, and vasodilation in your response. Our body first releases cytokines which produce inflammatory cells or chemokines directly to the affected area to stimulate healing. Vasodilation occurs simultaneously to facilitate quicker and easier movement of inflammatory cells to the area. Describe how to determine the probability of clinical outcomes given information about the parents (eg two heterozygous carriers of sickle cell disease) in two heterozygous (two different gene sets) carriers (one dominant and one recessive gene) creates a 50% chance outcome of offspring having sickle cell disease Describe how calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and calcitriol (Vitamin D) work together to maintain normal blood calcium levels. calcitonin and PTH work oppositely to balance calcium. the three work together to shift calcium into bones, organs and blood Describe the function of osteocytes within lacunae of bone
Osteocytes maintain bone mass through anabolic activities; they promote bone repair through recruitment of osteoclast mediated turnover Describe bone remodeling. Which cells are involved in this process and what is their function? osteoclasts destroy old, degenerative cells to make room for new ones. osteoblasts build new bone cells. osteocytes facilitate this process and help retain calcium for bone strength and health. Describe the process of articular degeneration. Which cells are involved in this process and what is their function? articular degeneration is also known as osteoarthritis. macrophages are the primary cell involved, and they induce inflammation. How does denosumab treat osteoporosis? Denosumab is an antibody that slows down the natural rate your bones are broken down. It works by blocking a protein and suppressing the cells that break down bone. How does compartment syndrome develop? Which part of our body tends to develop compartment syndrome? How do patients typically recognize they may need to seek medical assistance for rhabdomyolysis? What is the most sensitive laboratory test for rhabdomyolosis? Compartment syndrome occurs when blood flow is restricted to area for an extended period of time. It usually develops in extremities. Patients recognize rhabdo by new muscle pain and decreased urinary output, and is detected by creatine kinase in the blood. What is a pulmonary embolism? What is a fat embolism? When might a patient develop a pulmonary embolism? When might a patient develop a fat embolism? How are they treated? Pulmonary embolism is when a blood clot is lodge in a pulmonary artery, usually caused by a traveling clot getting lodged. A fat embolism is when a clot of fat cells disrupts blood flow, usually after a bone fracture. PEs are treated with anticoagulants to thin the blood, while there is no specific treatment for FEs. Describe Albinism. What portions of the body are negatively affected by Albinism? It is an alteration in a gene that has decreased pigment to skin, hair, and eyes. Describe how retinal detachment leads to vision loss. The areas where the retina detaches lose their blood supply and stop working, causing you to lose vision.
peri- inflammation outside of heart causes heart to be compressed and not fully pump - from too much fluid / blood surrounding heart from trauma or heart attack - treatment: NSAIDs + steroids, pericardiocentesis. both have same signs/symptoms: low oxygen and chest pain Hypervalemia fluid volume excess s/s: muscle/chest pain, weakness, n/v, palpitations Hypernatremia high sodium: S (Skin flushed) A (agitation) L (low grade fever ) T (thirst)
