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WGU D236 Pathophysiology
Hodgkin's lymphoma *pain in neck after drinking alcohol painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin. if lymph nodes were to be swollen and sitting on top of the superior vena cava what would the symptoms be? swelling of the face, neck, upper body lymphedema swelling or accumulation of the fluid due to blockage in the lymphatic system often seen in pt who had them removed or cancer pt. *due to blockage lymphadenitis enlargement in one or more lymph nodes usually due to infection *cellulitis-painful lymphadenopathy enlarged lymph nodes that become *palpable and tender a patient was recently diagnosed with lymphoma. what type of cells does the provider know is a cancer of? lymphocytes know the values of *Ph *PCO *HCO 7.35- 35- 22- what is R.O.ME. Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream oncotic difference between children and adult immunity Native T Cells respiratory acidosis causes CO2 high PH low CNS depression COPD *hypoventilation respiratory acidosis treatment improve ventilation (intubation) admin bicarb respiratory alkalosis causes
CO2 low, PH high hyperventilation hypoxemia respiratory alkalosis treatment CO2 rebreather mask metabolic acidosis causes PH Low, due to HCO3 low < *DKA, severe diarrhea, renal failure, shock metabolic acidosis treatment sodium bicarb metabolic alkalosis causes PH high due to HCO3 high > excessive vomiting metabolic alkalosis treatment electrolyte and fluid replacement *administer vomiting meds what happens to dehydrated pts? ADH levels are high and RAAS is activated dehydration /fluid deficit s/s *headache, dizziness, weakness, confusion, bad breath, dry mouth, dark urine hypoventilation the body's carbon dioxide level rises causing the build up of acid and too little oxygen. *respiratory acidosis *equilibrium shift to right *HCO3 high *PH low hyperventilation exhale too much carbon dioxide as a result carbon dioxide concentration in the blood is reduced and bicarb acid equilibrium shifts to the left *respiratory alkalosis *HCO3 low *PH high Hemodyalysis takes blood out of the body via a PIV and puts it back into the body through a central line *4-6 hours a few times per week *artificial Kidney CRRT cleanses blood in a 24 hour cycle peritoneal dialysis does not use a machine but injects a solution of water and glucose into the abdominal cavity Sodium normal levels
A human genetic disease autosomal recessive Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth. *6 month old baby would have flaccid muscle, loss of motor function. Turner Syndrome A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. Turner Syndrome Characteristics Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile) *Short stature (~ 4'7") *Webbing of the neck Edema Underdeveloped breasts; wide nipples High number of aborted fetuses *Amenorrhea Marfan syndrome *25% result from a new mutation in the FBN1 gene Characteristics: Long extremities hypermobility of joints osteroarthritis degenerative joint disease *classic/telltale sign: Herberden's and bouchard's nodes (small bumps that grow on the joints esp the fingers) 2nd degree (partial thickness) burns s/s *Blisters outer and underlying layer *painful *swelling Causes of Bell's Palsy *caused by either viral infection or autoimmune Ischemic stroke 85% most common Predispositions: Afib or arteriosclerosis Thrombosis or Embolus Ischemia-Block blood flow R/F: contraceptives, sickle cell, carotid arteriosclerosis *s/s: severe HA, Unable to move one side(arm/leg) Tx: IV thrombolysis must be within 3-4.5 hours of sx onset. Prevention: Antiplatelet agents, heparin, warfarin. hemorrhagic stroke 40% less common Mainly caused by HTN, cerebral artery rupture from excessive pressure, blood fluids the brain tissue causing cell death. Accounts for 10% of strokes but the mortality rate is high.
(TIA) Transient Ischemic Attack occurs when a clot forms in the blood vessel in the brain but the body naturally dissolves it within 24 hours. cerebral concussion (mild TBI) Can develop post-concussive syndrome (PCS) s/s: HA, lethargy, mental dullness, or other symptoms that persist for several months. Cerebral Contusion s/s: HA, dizziness, vomiting, *sudden weakness in an arm or leg. They may seem agitated, restless, or irritable, memory loss. Vital signs: HR decreased, respirations decreased, and HTN which are signs of pressure on the stem. Usually more severe, can last hours to weeks the more edema that drowsier or confused the patient. Which problem causes a myocardial infarction or heart attack? An occlusion of a coronary artery (most commonly from a thrombus) Hypertension (primary/Essential) *Idiopathic common "silent killer" *asymptomatic, can cause problem on cardiac, brain and kidney later. Left side Heart Failure Patho: Decreased CO and pulmonary congestion S/S: Forward effects (in the body) Fatigue, weakness, exercise intolerance Backwards (into the lungs) Dyspnea, orthopnea, pink frothy sputum, SOB, Rales/crackles Right side Heart Failure Patho: Decrease CO systemic congestion S/S: Forward (to the lungs) Dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, exercise intolerance Backwards edema in feet/legs, abdominal ascites, JVD, Hepatomegaly Mitral stenosis Causes *rheumatic fever (Occurs when the mitral valve narrows restricting blood flow into the left chamber) Mitral Regurgitation causes A murmur called mitral insufficiency, pericarditis (left ventricle papillary muscle rupture causes the mitral valve to be unable to close) endocartitis inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, chambers and valves (endocardium) Caused by fungus (heart vegetation) Which type of valve defect leads to a diastolic murmur? Mitral valve stenosis or regurgitation of the aortic/pulmonary valve Which type of valve defect leads to a systolic murmur?
Viruses (70%) watery non bloody diarrhea, N/V, stomach cramps/pain, occasional HA, muscle aches, low grade fever. Cirrhosis causes Hepatitis C and Chronic alcohol use What is cirrhosis? Liver disease that causes liver cells to become damaged and die. *Scar tissue replaces liver cells which affects the function. Cirrhosis S/S *Jaundice, ascites. Collagenous fibrous tissue becomes predominant in the liver. Pancreatitis (acute) Causes: Gallstones, excessive alcohol consumption, abdominal injury S/S: *Cullen sign-blue discoloration around the umbilicus abdominal pain n/v Pancreatitis (chronic) Causes: Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids) gallstones s/s: severe epigastric pain, vomiting, Complications: hemorrhage, hypovolemic shock, circulatory collapse, peritonitis Duodenal Ulcer Vs. Epigastric Ulcer D: upper small intestine, pain in mid stomach to upper stomach, intensifies when empty stomach or wakes you up at night. E: inside esophagus, treatment change of lifestyle/ diet and meds. RLQ pain Causes (McBurney's Point) Crohn's, appendicitis Crohn's disease **Entire GI tract, cobble stone appearance pyelonephritis inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis *infection of the kidney that is commonly caused by E.Coli What Cancer requires a transurethral resection of the tumor? Bladder cancer Bladder cancer sign *painless hematuria Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Severe complications *Cerebral Edema Hypokalemia Metabolic acidosis Goiter / iodine relationship Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goiter. The body needs iodine to produce thyroid hormone.. Addison's disease symptoms Severe pain, high fever, weakness, confusions, N/V *Craves Salt
Cushining's Syndrome symptoms *Moon Face *Acne *High BP *muscle Weakness endometriosis Growth of endometrial tissue outside of uterus endometriosis symptoms Lower back pain/abdominal pain pain with intercourse excessive bleeding pain with urination infertility Test useful as a tumor marker in Ovarian cancer HE4 Biomarkers pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) infection that occurs due to *STD, spreads from vagina to your uterus fallopian tubes, or ovaries. Common infections gonarrhea and chlamydia Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) causes *elevated levels of Androgens, such as testosterone PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) symptoms *infertility *irregular menstrual cycle *hirsutism Primary treatment for Prostate Cancer Cryoblation (procedure in which an extremely cold liquid or an instrument called a cryoprobe is used to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue) how does anemia affect the body? In individuals with sickle cell anemia, the gene for the fetal form of hemoglobin does not have a sickle cell mutation. avulsion fracture a fracture that involves a portion of bone that is attached to a muscle, a ligament, or tendon sprain vs. strain over stretching of a ligament (common ankle) overstretching of tendons and muscle often in lower back and hamstring strain s/s pain, weakness and limited ROM class of Benzothiazotes meds used to treat ALS rilozole VB12 deficiency
