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Pathophysiology Review D
What are the different kinds of treatment for prostate cancer? a. Active Surveillance of through PSA & digital rectal exam b. Chemotherapy c. Cryoablation/Cryotherapy d. Hormone Therapy e. Radiation f. Total Prostatectomy g. Transurethral Resection of the Prostate(TURP) A man who works as a sandblaster is more considered to have what kind of respiratory disease? Silicosis: which is an inflammation of the lung resulting from the inhalation of free silica(silicon dioxide) & silica - containing compounds, which occurs in mining and related industries What kind of word describes a patient getting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS)? Sporadic, occurs random with no risk factors and no family history disease. Osteoarthritis(OA) inflammatory degenerative joint disease in which synthesis in degradation of the articular cartilage in the movable joints is altered. Common in old age. Bone on bone rubbing. Joint pain, stiffness, and CREPITUS "crunch sounds" bones are grinding together. Pain with activity and relief with rest. Osteophytes and bone spurs. Cysts(subchondral) Loss of ROM(Range of Motion) Pain with weight-bearing Weight bearing joints and fingers. Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA) an autoimmune/Systemic disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints and other organs. Common in women. early on fatigue, weight loss, morning joint stiffness. Fingers have a swan neck and boutonniere deformity. Joint pain is relieved with activity and worse at rest. Inflamed Synovium Pannus(hard tissue around joints) Loss of Cartilage Ankylosis(stiffening and immobility Iron deficiency Anemia A vegetation shown on an ECHO demonstrates which cardiovascular disease? Endocarditis What characterizes Type 2 myocardial infarction? Lack of oxygen availability
These symptoms
- neck/jaw pain
- chest pain
- vomiting
- weakness
- sweating
- possible loss of consciousness describe which diagnosis? MI Myocardial Infarction What is a common risk factor for Erectile Dysfunction(ED)? Heart Disease High Cholesterol High Blood Pressure Diabetes Obesity Smoking A patient reports nausea, vomiting, dull abdominal ache, and pruritus. On physical examination, edema of the legs, ascites, and jaundice were documentation. The patient has ahistory of long-term acetaminophen therapy. Laboratory findings included elevated alanine amino and aminotransferase. Which condition is described? Cirrhosis A patient reports decreased urine output, anemia, fatigue, and itchy skin? Which condition is being described? ESRD/Chronic Kidney Disease What is a chromosomal abnormality? Turner's missing X Chromosome and Down Syndrome Trisomy 21 Which disease is communicable and paralyzes muscle as early as six hours from exposure? Botulism What causes Malaria? Plasmodium parasite What do Human Epididymis protein 4(HE4) Biomarkers detect? ovarian tumor/cancers What kind of solution is 0.9% NaCl to RBCs? Isotonic What causes peripheral neuropathy? Pick 2 Peripheral vascular disease Diabetes mellitus Back injury Genetics What causes delayed puberty? Chronic illness What is a common symptom of dysmenorrhea? Urinary Frequency Aplastic Anemia
Asthma and shortness of breath Consider the steps the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system(RAAS) goes through when there is a decrease in circulation or a drop in blood pressure, ordered from the earliest to the latest. What is the step directly after angiotensin I is produced? Angiotensin-converting enzyme helps to produce angiotensin II in the lungs and to stimulate the adrenal gland to release aldosterone. What is the primary system responsible for maintaining fluid homeostasis within the body? Renin - angiotensin - aldosterone - system(RAAS) Pouchlike protrusion in sigmoid? Diverticulosis Muscle weakness, fatigue, recent death in family causing emotional distress triggered symptoms, prescribed an antidepressant and acupuncture Diagnosis? Fibromyalgia B cells Produce antibodies Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Pick 2 Chronic phase, Accelerated Phase, and Blast phase Which condition allows blood flow back into left atrium from left ventricle? Mitral insufficiency/Regurgitation What are two types of benign tumors? Choose 2 answers Adenoma and Osteoma What is a common symptom of Multiple Sclerosis? Weakness What are the characteristics of helper T cells? They activate B cells and produce small cells called cytokines What are common signs associated with Down Syndrome? Flattened nose and a single palmar crease on the hands A 26-year old male patient who is sexually active presents at the clinic with scrotal pain, fever, and discharge from the penis. The patient also waddles when he walks. A penile swab detects chlamydia infection. The patient is treated with an antibiotic, and bed rest is recommended. Which condition is described? Epididymitis 44-year old female presents with chief complaint of "lump felt in neck and change in voice for past week" History of present illness: Patient relates dysphagia, lump, and voice change in past 6 days. No prior symptoms. Past medical history: Hypertension Family History: Goiter, hypothyroidism O: General Appearance: Alert and oriented Ear/Nose/ Throat: Warm, neck lump, neck palpation, dysphagia Lymphatic: Lymph node swollen
Heart: S1 and S2 normal Abdomen: Soft, no intra-abdominal mass/swelling Blood test: Abnormal TSH Neck Ultrasound: Nodule filled with fluid and not live tissue P: Plans for biopsy Which condition was evaluated during this encounter? Thyroid Cancer Which two infections affect the lower respiratory tract? Choose 2 answers Respiratory mycoses and Pulmonary tuberculosis This multidrug-resistant organism can be difficult to treat and can progress into blood, bone, lung, or skin infections that may be life-threatening. Which type of infectious disease is described? MRSA What are the symptoms of respiratory acidosis? Headache and tremors Respiratory Alkalosis · Fast RR · Causes: Hyperventilation/ Panic attack o S/sx: Low PaCO2 from exhale, low HCO o Compensation: Kidneys excrete less H+ and reabsorb less HCO Metabolic Acidosis · Acid is found in gastric juices and urine) · Causes: Renal failure, hydrogen isn't excreted out efficiently o In diarrhea, bicarbonate is lost from the intestines o Diabetic ketoacidosis § Compensation: Rapid Kussmaul respirations to exhale CO o Lactic acidosis § Shock (low perfusion/oxygenation to organs) § Sepsis (severe infection) § Compensation: Rapid, deep respirations Metabolic Alkalosis · Excessive vomiting, Nasogastric tube suctioning · Hypokalemia - Low K+ · Compensation: Slow, shallow respirations to retain more CO2 (acid) Innate Immunity(Natural) · It is present at birth and does not have to be learned through exposure to invaders. · Includes barrier defenses, phagocytic cells, antimicrobial peptides (interferons), and the complement system Retinoblastoma · Malignant tumors of the retina that arise from embryonic retinal cells · Typically affects children < 5 yo · Cause: genetics, specifically inactivation mutations of a tumor suppressor gene called RB1, which can be the result of an inherited germline mutation or a spontaneous
impingement, cauda equina syndrome, vision or hearing loss, cardiac o complications or osteosarcoma Glaucoma · A group of ocular diseases resulting in increased IOP. IOP is the fluid (aqueous humor) pressure within the eye (normal IOP is 10 to 21 mm Hg) · Increased IOP results from inadequate drainage of aqueous humor from the canal of Schlemm or overproduction of aqueous humor · The condition damages the optic nerve and can result in blindness o S/sx: early signs include diminished accommodation and increased IOP. POAG: Painless, and vision changes are slow; results in "tunnel" vision PACG: Blurred vision, halos around lights, and ocular erythema Cataracts · The normal transparent eye lens becomes cloudy distorting the image projected onto the retina and causing cloudy vision · Cause: can be congenital or acquired · R/f: congenital - infections, some genetic or metabolic conditions · Acquired: old age, smoking, excessive alcohol use, eye trauma or infection o Other: exposure to UV light and diabetes mellitus · S/sx: progressively worsening blurry vision, usually bilaterally and over many years, decreased color perception and double vision · Treatment: lifestyle changes, surgery - cloudy lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) · The part of the retina that is responsible for clear vision, called the macula, degenerates, causing blurred or reduced central vision · Causes: typically aging · R/f: smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, family hx, and aging · S/sx: blurry and distorted vision, poor night vision, scotomas, central vision loss Diabetic Retinopathy · Damage to the retina caused by an over accumulation of glucose or fructose that damages the blood vessels in the retina; in advanced stages, lack of oxygen in the retina causes fragile blood cells to grow along the retina, and in the vitreous fluid of the eye that may bleed and cause blurred vision Benign Hypertension · Stage 1: 130 - 139 / 80 - 89 · Stage 2: ≥ 140 / ≥ 90 Swine H1N1 Influenza · A strain of flu that consists of genetic materials from swine, avian, and human influenza viruses · Signs and symptoms are similar to those that present with seasonal flu; in addition, vomiting and diarrhea commonly occur · Prevention measures and treatment are the same as for the seasonal flu H. Pylori · Gram-negative spiral bacterium · The major cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease in the duodenum and
stomach, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) Upper GI Bleed · Bleeding in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum is characterized by frank, bright red bleeding in emesis or dark, grainy, digested blood that looks like coffee grounds in stool Lower GI Bleed · Bleeding from the jejunum or ileum of the small intestine, colon, or rectum can be caused by polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticular disease, cancer, mucosal vascular ectasias, or hemorrhoids · chronically inflamed and ulcerated mucosal and submucosal lining of the large intestine, resulting in abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding Pancreatitis · Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, with associated escape of pancreatic enzymes into surrounding tissue o Acute pancreatitis occurs suddenly as 1 attack or can be recurrent, with resolutions o Chronic pancreatitis is a continual inflammation and destruction of the pancreas, with scar tissue replacing pancreatic tissue o R/f: trauma, the use of alcohol, biliary tract disease, viral or bacterial disease, hyperlipidemia, hypercalcemia, cholelithiasis, hyperparathyroidism, ischemic vascular disease, and peptic ulcer disease. o S/sx: abdominal pain, including a sudden onset at a mid-epigastric or left upper quadrant location with radiation to the back, pain aggravated by a fatty meal, alcohol, or lying in a recumbent position, Cullen's sign (dark-blue discoloration around the umbilicus), turner's sign Bladder Cancer · Bladder cancer is a papillomatous growth in the bladder urothelium that undergoes malignant changes and that may infiltrate the bladder wall o R/f: cigarette smoking (strongest risk), exposure to industrial chemicals, and exposure to radiation. § Urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma § The most common bladder malignancy appearing on the inner lining of the bladder o S/sx: gross or microscopic, painless hematuria (most common sign), frequency, urgency, dysuria, clot-induced obstruction o Treatment: transurethral resection (TURP), laser ablation Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) · inflammation of the female genital tract caused by microorganisms, typically those that are sexually transmitted such as chlamydia and gonococci; characterized by severe abdominal pain, high fever, vaginal discharge, and possibly infertility o Caused by Gonorrhea or Chlamydia o If untreated -> inflammation of mucosal layer of vagina and cervix o Can spread upward to uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes causing scarring which can lead to infertility o Risk for ectopic pregnancies
