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WGU Pathophysiology D
Describe how your body responds to an infection. - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ T cells produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies. Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Alterations of DNA Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ (ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias. Explain RAAS - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin > produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II > vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water > Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained. DKA - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ increased anion gap, decreased HCO How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ retain H and excrete HCO Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Potassium West Nile Virus - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck Lyme disease - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Erythema infectiosum - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease" Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____. - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Spina bifida Trousseau's sign - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia Cause and sign of spina bifida - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ results from failure of neural tube to close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back. hemophilia is more common in - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ males Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ ND-PAE, decreased brain function, FAS
Connective vs muscle tissue disorders - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia Describe Lupus - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain and butterfly rash Describe Myasthenia Gravis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing. dermatitis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ inflammation of the skin eczema - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching decubitus ulcer - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ sore caused by lying down for long periods of time Fungal infections - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ superficial, localized skin conditions or deep tissue infections caused by exposure to spores may or may not be transmitted benign neoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ noncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders malignant neoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ uncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular borders, spreads Osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured. osteomalacia - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency myoglobin - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells Bursa - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another Rickets - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones Degenerative disk disease - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging
disorders that cause vision loss - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ glaucoma - loss of pheripheral vision, cataracts - cloudy vision, retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision kyphosis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back. disorders that cause hearing loss - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Meniere's disease - changes in fluid in tube of inner ear (imbalance and vertigo), Otitis media - middle ear infection Predisposing factors of ischemic stroke - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ a fib, carotid stenosis, cerebral arteriosclerosis rheumatoid arthritis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. Causes elevated WBC counts. cerebral contusion - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull; symptoms: ringing in ears, severe headache, n/v. TIA vs CVA - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ TIA = -result when a cerebral artery is temp blocked and decreases blood flow to brain Stroke= artery completely blocked leading to death of brain and permanent loss of certain functions multiple sclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ A chronic, irreversible disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech aneurysm - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall thrombus vs embolus - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Thrombus = clot in arteries embolus = dislodged traveling clot in arteries, blocks blood flow Artherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol plaques 1.endothelial injury 2.foam cell formation 3.fatty streak formation
angina pectoris - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle myocardial infarction - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack) endocaritis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ inflammation of the inner lining of the heart peridcarditis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ inflammation of the pericardium (sack surrounding heart) benign vs malignant hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ benign - "essential hypertension", chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention. malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release communicable disease - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another. infectious disease - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another. myocardial infarction causes damage to - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ arteries of : brain, retina, heart, kidneys. what is expected in right sided heart falure - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ JVD what characterizes hypertensive crisis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ systolic BP > 180 types of anemia - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ - Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC production)
- Iron Deficiency
- Folic Acid Deficiency
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious
- Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced)
- Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs) Where does cancer originate from in leukemia? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ bone marrow CD4 cells - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Helper T cells that mature in thymus that active B cells to create immunity Hodgkin's lymphoma - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed- Sternberg cells Lymphocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ abnormal increase in lymphocytes, asymptomatic
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ method used to replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient's blood through a hemofilter and returning it to the patient. benefit over other dialysis - happens 24 hrs/ day > slower shift in electrolytes ulcerative colitis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers - autoimmune and inflammatory bowel diseases Diverticulitis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ inflammation of a diverticulum, especially in the colon, causing pain and disturbance of bowel function. Relieved by bowel movement, advise against enema and colonoscopy. organ targeted by virus that causes hep c - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ liver Hepatisis A,B,C,D,E spreads - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ A and E - fecal/oral BCD - blood, bodily fluids Cholecystitis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones (RUQ pain radiates to back) GERD cause - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to close pancreatitis - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ inflammation of the pancreas, can be cause by gallstone blocks common bile duct Chron's disease - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract, chronic symptoms: diarrhea, sores, fistula, weight loss Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys; formerly called acute renal failure Colon cancer symptoms/signs? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ 1. Right sided - iron deficiency anemia
- Left sided - obstruction
- "Apple core" lesion on barium enema
- Pencil thin stools
- Hematochezia (bright red blood)
- Colicky pain
- Partial obstruction risk factors for renal cancer - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ smoking, overweight, HTN risk factors for bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Smoking**, occupational exposure to dyes (benzenes, aromatic amines), Hx of gross hematuria, >40 y/o, hx of urologic disorder, Hx of irritative voiding symptoms, Hx of UTI, analgesic abuse, history of pelvic irradiation
GFR (glomerular filtration rate) - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ used to stage chronic renal disease common characteristics of endocrine system disorders - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ dark skin spots, low BP, fatigue, n/v/d common treatments for prostate and testicular cancers - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ orchiectomy or radiation pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; symptoms: pain in pelvis, abd, vagina, during sex, during urination, cramps, vaginal dischrge/odor Thyroid cancer - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Papillary carcinoma, lump in neck - dysphagia, voice changes Graves disease - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos. Other symptoms/signs: tachycardia, thick patch of skin on legs, protruding eyes, weight- loss, insomnia Hypothyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal -T3 and T4 are low, but TSH high. chronic fatigue, brittle nails, constipation Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ a complication of diabetes that is caused by having too little insulin; also called hyperglycemia. can cause cerebral edema; lipolysis with ketone formation is a hallmark. causes of diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ type 1: beta cells in pancreas are destroyed (autoimmune) type 2: overweight, body becomes insulin resistant gestational: hormones during pregnancy cause glucose levels to rise diabetes insipidus (DI) - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH acromegaly - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone by pituitary gland Cushing's disease - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ (Remember: UP, UP, UP, DOWN, UP)
- HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia Gonorrhea - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ A sexually transmitted bacterial disease caused by a gonococcus bacterium that causes inflammation of the genital mucous membrane, PID, burning pain when urinating, and a discharge polycystic ovary syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ a condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many
Differentiate between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It is general and non-specific, which means it does not differentiate between types of pathogens. Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that is built up as we are exposed to diseases or get vaccinated. Describe how and why our injury response results in the signs of redness, swelling, heat, and pain? Be sure to use chemokines, histamine, and vasodilation in your response. - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Our body first releases cytokines which produce inflammatory cells or chemokines directly to the affected area to stimulate healing. Vasodilation occurs simultaneously to facilitate quicker and easier movement of inflammatory cells to the area. Describe how to determine the probability of clinical outcomes given information about the parents (eg two heterozygous carriers of sickle cell disease) - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ in two heterozygous (two different gene sets) carriers (one dominant and one recessive gene) creates a 50% chance outcome of offspring having sickle cell disease Describe how calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and calcitriol (Vitamin D) work together to maintain normal blood calcium levels. - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ calcitonin and PTH work oppositely to balance calcium. the three work together to shift calcium into bones, organs and blood Describe the function of osteocytes within lacunae of bone - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Osteocytes maintain bone mass through anabolic activities; they promote bone repair through recruitment of osteoclast mediated turnover Describe bone remodeling. Which cells are involved in this process and what is their function? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ osteoclasts destroy old, degenerative cells to make room for new ones. osteoblasts build new bone cells. osteocytes facilitate this process and help retain calcium for bone strength and health. Describe the process of articular degeneration. Which cells are involved in this process and what is their function? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ articular degeneration is also known as osteoarthritis. macrophages are the primary cell involved, and they induce inflammation. How does denosumab treat osteoporosis? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Denosumab is an antibody that slows down the natural rate your bones are broken down. It works by blocking a protein and suppressing the cells that break down bone. How does compartment syndrome develop? Which part of our body tends to develop compartment syndrome? How do patients typically recognize they may need to seek medical assistance for rhabdomyolysis? What is the most sensitive laboratory test for rhabdomyolosis? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Compartment syndrome occurs when blood flow is restricted to area for an extended period of time. It usually develops in extremities. Patients recognize rhabdo by new muscle pain and decreased urinary output, and is detected by creatine kinase in the blood.
What is a pulmonary embolism? What is a fat embolism? When might a patient develop a pulmonary embolism? When might a patient develop a fat embolism? How are they treated? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Pulmonary embolism is when a blood clot is lodge in a pulmonary artery, usually caused by a traveling clot getting lodged. A fat embolism is when a clot of fat cells disrupts blood flow, usually after a bone fracture. PEs are treated with anticoagulants to thin the blood, while there is no specific treatment for FEs. Describe Albinism. What portions of the body are negatively affected by Albinism? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ It is an alteration in a gene that has decreased pigment to skin, hair, and eyes. Describe how retinal detachment leads to vision loss. - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ The areas where the retina detaches lose their blood supply and stop working, causing you to lose vision. Name two biomarkers that can be used to confirm a myocardial infarction occurred and what types of molecules are they? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ troponin, creatine kinase What is lymph - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ fluid that flows in lymphatic system to return fluid from tissues into circulation What are lymph nodes? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Filter interstitial fluid. Swollen glands mean you are fighting an infection What are Peyer's patches? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ the numerous areas of lymphoid tissue in the wall of the small intestine that are involved in the development of immunity to antigens present there. What is the difference between Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma? - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ If the Reed-Sternberg cell is not present, the lymphoma is classified as non-Hodgkin's. Emphysema (COPD) - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ Overdistention of alveoli resulting in the ability to remove CO2 is called COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ disease with enlarged lung spaces, usually from smoking can cause shortness of breath What are the three types of jaundice that may present as a result of liver dysfunction? Describe the cause of each. - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ pre-hepatic: excessive breakdown of RBCs. hepatic: loss of ability of liver to regular billirubin. post-hepatic: due to blockage or obstruction Describe the function(s) of the following parts of a nephron: glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, juxtaglomerular apparatus, proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct. - CORRECT ANSWER โโโ glomerulus filters blood. Bowman's capsule filters blood from glomerulus capillaries. juxtaglomerular apparatus helps maintain proper flow and blood pressure. proximal tubule reabsorbs filtrate. Loop of
