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APPENDIX 2 Experimental
Data
A
2A THERMODYNAMIC DATA AT 25°C
Inorganic Substances
Enthalpy Free energy Molar heat Molar mass, of formation, of formation, capacity, Molar entropy, Substance* M (g mol ^1 ) H f° (kJ mol ^1 ) G f° (kJ mol ^1 ) CP ,m (J K ^1 mol ^1 ) S m° (J K ^1 mol ^1 )
Aluminum Al(s) 26.98 0 0 24.35 28. Al^3 (aq) 26.98 524.7 481.2 — 321. Al 2 O 3 (s) 101.96 1675.7 1582.35 79.04 50. Al(OH) 3 (s) 78.00 1276 — — — AlCl 3 (s) 133.33 704.2 628.8 91.84 110.
Antimony Sb(s) 121.76 0 0 25.23 45. SbH 3 (g) 124.78 145.11 147.75 41.05 232. SbCl 3 (g) 228.11 313.8 301.2 76.69 337. SbCl 5 (g) 299.01 394.34 334.29 121.13 401.
Arsenic As(s), gray 74.92 0 0 24.64 35. As 2 S3(s) 246.05 169.0 168.6 116.3 163. AsO 43 (aq) 138.92 888.14 648.41 — 162.
Barium Ba(s) 137.33 0 0 28.07 62. Ba 2 (aq) 137.33 537.64 560.77 — 9. BaO(s) 153.33 553.5 525.1 47.78 70. BaCO 3 (s) 197.34 1216.3 1137.6 85.35 112. BaCO 3 (aq) 197.34 1214.78 1088.59 — 47.
Boron B(s) 10.81 0 0 11.09 5. B 2 O 3 (s) 69.62 1272.8 1193.7 62.93 53. BF 3 (g) 67.81 1137.0 1120.3 50.46 254.
Bromine Br 2 (l) 159.80 0 0 75.69 152. Br 2 (g) 159.80 30.91 3.11 36.02 245. Br(g) 79.90 111.88 82.40 20.79 175. Br(aq) 79.90 121.55 103.96 — 82. HBr(g) 80.91 36.40 53.45 29.14 198.
Calcium Ca(s) 40.08 0 0 25.31 41. Ca(g) 40.08 178.2 144.3 20.79 154. Ca 2 (aq) 40.08 542.83 553.58 — 53. (continued)
CaCO 3 (s), calcite 100.09 1206.9 1128.8 81.88 92.
CaF 2 (aq) 78.08 1208.09 1111.15 — 80.
CaCl 2 (aq) 110.98 877.1 816.0 — 59.
Carbon (for organic compounds, see the next table)
CO 32 (aq) 60.01 677.14 527.81 — 56.
Inorganic Substances (continued)
Enthalpy Free energy Molar heat Molar mass, of formation, of formation, capacity, Molar entropy,*
A14 APPENDIX 2
Mg^2 (aq) 24.31 466.85 454.8 — 138. MgO(s) 40.31 601.70 569.43 37.15 26. MgCO 3 (s) 84.32 1095.8 1012.1 75.52 65. MgBr 2 (s) 184.11 524.3 503.8 — 117.
Mercury Hg(l) 200.59 0 0 27.98 76. Hg(g) 200.59 61.32 31.82 20.79 174. HgO(s) 216.59 90.83 58.54 44.06 70. Hg 2 Cl 2 (s) 472.08 265.22 210.75 102 192.
Nitrogen N 2 (g) 28.02 0 0 29.12 191. NO(g) 30.01 90.25 86.55 29.84 210. N 2 O(g) 44.02 82.05 104.20 38.45 219. NO 2 (g) 46.01 33.18 51.31 37.20 240. N 2 O 4 (g) 92.02 9.16 97.89 77.28 304. HNO 3 (l) 63.02 174.10 80.71 109.87 155. HNO 3 (aq) 63.02 207.36 111.25 — 146. NO 3 (aq) 62.02 205.0 108.74 — 146. NH 3 (g) 17.03 46.11 16.45 35.06 192. NH 3 (aq) 17.03 80.29 26.50 — 111. NH 4 (aq) 18.04 132.51 79.31 — 113. NH 2 OH(s) 33.03 114.2 — — — HN 3 (g) 43.04 294.1 328.1 98.87 238. N 2 H 4 (l) 32.05 50.63 149.34 139.3 121. NH 4 NO 3 (s) 80.05 365.56 183.87 84.1 151. NH 4 Cl(s) 53.49 314.43 202.87 — 94. NH 4 ClO 4 (s) 117.49 295.31 88.75 — 186.
Oxygen O 2 (g) 32.00 0 0 29.36 205. O 3 (g) 48.00 142.7 163.2 39.29 238. OH(aq) 17.01 229.99 157.24 — 10.
Phosphorus P(s), white 30.97 0 0 23.84 41. P 4 (g) 123.88 58.91 24.44 67.15 279. PH 3 (g) 33.99 5.4 13.4 37.11 210. P 4 O 10 (s) 283.88 2984.0 2697.0 — 228. H 3 PO 3 (aq) 81.99 964.8 — — — H 3 PO 4 (l) 97.99 1266.9 — — — H 3 PO 4 (aq) 97.99 1288.34 1142.54 — 158. PCl 3 (l) 137.32 319.7 272.3 — 217. PCl 3 (g) 137.32 287.0 267.8 71.84 311. PCl 5 (g) 208.22 374.9 305.0 112.8 364. PCl 5 (s) 208.22 443.5 — — —
Inorganic Substances (continued)
Enthalpy Free energy Molar heat Molar mass, of formation, of formation, capacity, Molar entropy, Substance* M (g mol ^1 ) H f° (kJ mol ^1 ) G f° (kJ mol ^1 ) CP ,m (J K ^1 mol ^1 ) S m° (J K ^1 mol ^1 )
Potassium
Enthalpy Free energy Molar heat Molar mass, of formation, of formation, capacity, Molar entropy, Substance* M (g mol ^1 ) H f° (kJ mol ^1 ) G f° (kJ mol ^1 ) CP ,m (J K ^1 mol ^1 ) S m° (J K ^1 mol ^1 )
- A12 APPENDIX
- CaO(s) 56.08 635.09 604.03 42.80 39.
- Ca(OH) 2 (s) 74.10 986.09 898.49 87.49 83.
- Ca(OH) 2 (aq) 74.10 1002.82 868.07 — 74.
- CaCO 3 (s), calcite 100.09 1206.9 1128.8 81.88 92.
- CaCO3(s), aragonite 100.09 1207.1 1127.8 81.25 88.
- CaCO3(aq) 100.09 1219.97 1081.39 — 110.
- CaF 2 (s) 78.08 1219.6 1167.3 67.03 68.
- CaF 2 (aq) 78.08 1208.09 1111.15 — 80.
- CaCl 2 (s) 110.98 795.8 748.1 72.59 104.
- CaCl 2 (aq) 110.98 877.1 816.0 — 59.
- CaBr 2 (s) 199.88 682.8 663.6 72.59
- CaC 2 (s) 64.10 59.8 64.9 62.72 69.
- CaSO 4 (s) 136.14 1434.11 1321.79 99.66 106.
- CaSO 4 (aq) 136.14 1452.10 1298.10 — 33.
- C(s), graphite 12.01 0 0 8.53 5.
- C(s), diamond 12.01 1.895 2.900 6.11 2.
- C(g) 12.01 716.68 671.26 20.84 158.
- CO(g) 28.01 110.53 137.17 29.14 197.
- CO 2 (g) 44.01 393.51 394.36 37.11 213.
- CO 32 (aq) 60.01 677.14 527.81 — 56.
- CCl 4 (l) 153.81 135.44 65.21 131.75 216.
- CS 2 (l) 76.15 89.70 65.27 75.7 151.
- HCN(g) 27.03 135.1 124.7 35.86 201.
- HCN(l) 27.03 108.87 124.97 70.63 112.
- HCN(aq) 27.03 107.1 119.7 — 124.
- Ce(s) 140.12 0 0 26.94 72. Cerium
- Ce 3 (aq) 140.12 696.2 672.0 —
- Ce^4 (aq) 140.12 537.2 503.8 —
- Cl 2 (g) 70.90 0 0 33.91 223. Chlorine
- Cl(g) 35.45 121.68 105.68 21.84 165.
- Cl(aq) 35.45 167.16 131.23 — 56.
- HCl(g) 36.46 92.31 95.30 29.12 186.
- HCl(aq) 36.46 167.16 131.23 — 56.
- Cu(s) 63.55 0 0 24.44 33. Copper
- Cu(aq) 63.55 71.67 49.98 — 40.
- Cu 2 (aq) 63.55 64.77 65.49 — 99.
- Cu 2 O(s) 143.10 168.6 146.0 63.64 93.
- CuO(s) 79.55 157.3 129.7 42.30 42.
- CuSO 4 (s) 159.61 771.36 661.8 100.0
- CuSO 4 5H 2 O(s) 249.69 2279.7 1879.7 280 300.
- EXPERIMENTAL DATA A
- K(s) 39.10 0 0 29.58 64.
- K(g) 39.10 89.24 60.59 20.79 160.
- K(aq) 39.10 252.38 283.27 — 102.
- KOH(s) 56.11 424.76 379.08 64.9 78.
- KOH(aq) 56.11 482.37 440.50 — 91.
- KF(s) 58.10 567.27 537.75 49.04 66.
- KCl(s) 74.55 436.75 409.14 51.30 82.
- KBr(s) 119.00 393.80 380.66 52.30 95.
- KI(s) 166.00 327.90 324.89 52.93 106.
- KClO 3 (s) 122.55 397.73 296.25 100.25 143.
- KClO 4 (s) 138.55 432.75 303.09 112.38 151.
- K 2 S(s) 110.26 380.7 364.0 —
- K 2 S(aq) 110.26 471.5 480.7 — 190.
- Si(s) 28.09 0 0 20.00 18. Silicon
- SiO 2 (s, ) 60.09 910.94 856.64 44.43 41.
- Ag(s) 107.87 0 0 25.35 42. Silver
- Ag(aq) 107.87 105.58 77.11 — 72.
- Ag 2 O(s) 231.74 31.05 11.20 65.86 121.
- AgBr(s) 187.77 100.37 96.90 52.38 107.
- AgBr(aq) 187.77 15.98 26.86 — 155.
- AgCl(s) 143.32 127.07 109.79 50.79 96.
- AgCl(aq) 143.32 61.58 54.12 — 129.
- AgI(s) 234.77 61.84 66.19 56.82 115.
- AgI(aq) 234.77 50.38 25.52 — 184.
- AgNO 3 (s) 169.88 124.39 33.41 93.05 140.
- Na(s) 22.99 0 0 28.24 51. Sodium
- Na(g) 22.99 107.32 76.76 20.79 153.
- Na(aq) 22.99 240.12 261.91 — 59.
- NaOH(s) 40.00 425.61 379.49 59.54 64.
- NaOH(aq) 40.00 470.11 419.15 — 48.
- NaCl(s) 58.44 411.15 384.14 50.50 72.
- NaBr(s) 102.89 361.06 348.98 51.38 86.
- NaI(s) 149.89 287.78 286.06 52.09 98.
- S(s), rhombic 32.06 0 0 22.64 31. Sulfur
- S(s), monoclinic 32.06 0.33 0.1 23.6 32.
- S 2 (aq) 32.06 33.1 85.8 — 14.
- SO 2 (g) 64.06 296.83 300.19 39.87 248.
- SO 3 (g) 80.06 395.72 371.06 50.67 256.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA A
Organic Compounds (continued)
Enthalpy Enthalpy Free Molar of of energy of heat Molar Molar combustion, formation, formation, capacity, entropy, mass, H c° H f° G f° CP ,m S ° Substance M (g mol ^1 ) (kJ mol ^1 ) (kJ mol ^1 ) (kJ mol ^1 ) (J K ^1 mol ^1 ) (J K ^1 mol ^1 )
C 5 H 12 (g), pentane 72.14 3537 146.44 8.20 120.2 349 C 6 H 6 (l), benzene 78.11 3268 49.0 124.3 136.1 173. C 6 H 6 (g) 78.11 3302 82.9 129.72 81.67 269. C 7 H 8 (l), toluene 92.13 3910 12.0 113.8 — 221. C 7 H 8 (g) 92.13 3953 50.0 122.0 103.6 320. C 6 H 12 (l), cyclohexane 84.15 3920 156.4 26.7 156.5 204. C 6 H 12 (g) 84.15 3953 — — — — C 8 H 18 (l), octane 114.22 5471 249.9 6.4 — 358
Alcohols and phenols CH 3 OH(l), methanol 32.04 726 238.86 166.27 81.6 126. CH 3 OH(g) 32.04 764 200.66 161.96 43.89 239. C 2 H 5 OH(l), ethanol 46.07 1368 277.69 174.78 111.46 160. C 2 H 5 OH(g) 46.07 1409 235.10 168.49 65.44 282. C 6 H 5 OH(s), phenol 94.11 3054 164.6 50.42 — 144.
Carboxylic acids HCOOH(l), formic acid 46.02 255 424.72 361.35 99.04 128. CH 3 COOH(l), acetic acid 60.05 875 484.5 389.9 124.3 159. CH 3 COOH(aq) 60.05 — 485.76 396.46 — 86. (COOH) 2 (s), oxalic acid 90.04 254 827.2 697.9 117 120 C 6 H 5 COOH(s), benzoic acid 122.12 3227 385.1 245.3 146.8 167.
Aldehydes and ketones HCHO(g), methanal (formaldehyde) 30.03 571 108.57 102.53 35.40 218. CH 3 CHO(l), ethanal (acetaldehyde) 44.05 1166 192.30 128.12 — 160. CH 3 CHO(g) 44.05 1192 166.19 128.86 57.3 250. CH 3 COCH 3 (l), propanone (acetone) 58.08 1790 248.1 155.4 124.7 200
Sugars C 6 H 12 O 6 (s), glucose 180.15 2808 1268 910 — 212 C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq) 180.15 — — 917 — — C 6 H 12 O 6 (s), fructose 180.15 2810 1266 — — — C 12 H 22 O 11 (s), sucrose 342.29 5645 2222 1545 — 360
Nitrogen compounds CO(NH 2 ) 2 (s), urea 60.06 632 333.51 197.33 93.14 104. C 6 H 5 NH 2 (l), aniline 93.13 3393 31.6 149.1 — 191. NH 2 CH 2 COOH(s), glycine 75.07 969 532.9 373.4 99.2 103. CH 3 NH 2 (g), methylamine 31.06 1085 22.97 32.16 53.1 243.
