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Applied Linguistics: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Language and Communication, Apuntes de Lingüística

An in-depth exploration of applied linguistics, a field that deals with practical problems of language and communication. It covers various aspects such as theoretical and formal linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, discourse analysis, and more. The document also discusses the history of applied linguistics, methodology in learning a second language, and the role of language in society. It further delves into language acquisition, linguistic universals, and the relationship between language and gender.

Tipo: Apuntes

2020/2021

Subido el 16/02/2024

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APPLIED LINGUISTICS
I.INTRODUCTION. AN OVERVIEW
1.What is applied linguistics
Example of the kid and mum recording him to analyze his mistakes. Knowing where the problem is and try to apply it and
solve the situation.
The new technologies have changed the language in some respects. While changing the situation we change the English,
we may find new grammar, vocabulary…Speaking is not changing that much. As a result of the use of internet, the
language is becoming richer. The language hasn’t changed that much but the new technologies create new situations,
new problems and new uses.
What is sentimental Analysis.
We have language everywhere we look. Customer services, amazon ex. Are going to see if people liked their product or
not by the reviews. The must analyze the sentiment of the people and classify them if they are good or bad. It is very
expensive to have a person organizing these comments, so they do it automatically by words. This is something very new
and very needing to work in them and improve the methods.
Forensic linguistics, information of the person who wrote the letter. The serial killers have a pattern
There are different areas where linguistics appears and there is a problem or a situation normally not triggered with the
linguistics but
DEFINITION Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of research and practice dealing with practical problems of
language and communication that can be identified.
- Linguitics, study language in terms of form, meaning, history and sound. We conceptualize language as a
representation system, as pattern of structures or social practice.
- Application, the approaches we can do. Normally we need psychology, neurology, computer science, sociology to
analyze. The problem that exists implies different aspects , research question and solve an existing issue .
Applied linguistics journal. The study and language-related problems in specific situations in which people use and learn
languages
Longman DALLT the study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems.
Chris Brumfit, The theoretical and ampirical investigation of real-world
A discipline that is no clear and has no limits, is evolving so fast that we don’t really know how it is going to be in a few
years.
Politics of language have two lines of ways look , try to help with the communication at a working place . There are new
documents to easy reading language and in EEUU associations help everybody be able to understand the different
informations the government texts by making a traduction.
It is a real problem and the role of the language there is how to valance and to advise what to do in different situations.
The importance of second language acquisition really is a very profitable business and a way to make ourselves
understood.
METHODOLOGY
a. Theoretical linguistics
b. Formal linguistics
c. Descriptive linguistics
d. Historical linguistics
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I.INTRODUCTION. AN OVERVIEW

1.What is applied linguistics

Example of the kid and mum recording him to analyze his mistakes. Knowing where the problem is and try to apply it and solve the situation. The new technologies have changed the language in some respects. While changing the situation we change the English, we may find new grammar, vocabulary…Speaking is not changing that much. As a result of the use of internet, the language is becoming richer. The language hasn’t changed that much but the new technologies create new situations, new problems and new uses. What is sentimental Analysis. We have language everywhere we look. Customer services, amazon ex. Are going to see if people liked their product or not by the reviews. The must analyze the sentiment of the people and classify them if they are good or bad. It is very expensive to have a person organizing these comments, so they do it automatically by words. This is something very new and very needing to work in them and improve the methods. Forensic linguistics, information of the person who wrote the letter. The serial killers have a pattern There are different areas where linguistics appears and there is a problem or a situation normally not triggered with the linguistics but DEFINITION Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of research and practice dealing with practical problems of language and communication that can be identified.

  • Linguitics, study language in terms of form, meaning, history and sound. We conceptualize language as a representation system, as pattern of structures or social practice.
  • Application, the approaches we can do. Normally we need psychology, neurology, computer science, sociology to analyze. The problem that exists implies different aspects , research question and solve an existing issue. Applied linguistics journal. The study and language-related problems in specific situations in which people use and learn languages Longman DALLT the study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems. Chris Brumfit , The theoretical and ampirical investigation of real-world A discipline that is no clear and has no limits, is evolving so fast that we don’t really know how it is going to be in a few years. Politics of language have two lines of ways look , try to help with the communication at a working place. There are new documents to easy reading language and in EEUU associations help everybody be able to understand the different informations the government texts by making a traduction. It is a real problem and the role of the language there is how to valance and to advise what to do in different situations. The importance of second language acquisition really is a very profitable business and a way to make ourselves understood. METHODOLOGY

a. Theoretical linguistics

b. Formal linguistics

c. Descriptive linguistics

d. Historical linguistics

e. Sociolinguistics

f. Psycholinguistics

g. Neurolinguistics

h. Discourse analysis

What is applied linguistics?

Applied Linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of research and practice dealing with practical problems of

language and communication that can be identified, analysed or solved by applying available theories,

methods or results of Linguistics or by developing new theoretical and methodological frameworks in linguistics

to work on these problems

History of Applied linguistics

1. Early History

2. First attempts to describe English

3. The 20th^ Century and the IIWW

4. The 21st^ Century

5. Change of paradigm

2.The development of Applied Linguistics A) History of Applied Linguistics Plato and Aristotle. Early history We have the idea of good writing, effective discourse the rhetoric. They try to answer questions about language. Dialect to promote a philosophical approach to life. Language it’s a two vias way, language influence us but we also influence language. Designed a curriculum:

  • Good writing (grammar)
  • Effective discourse (rhetoric) Dialect to promote a philosophical approach to life First attempts to describe English: XVIII Century. The dictionary of English Language 1755. They solved a problem that appear some centuries ago, when the printing started to work. At that moment the access of the write was in the monastery. There was a publisher that printed books of any kind, he was boost in consuming. H e had to find the way to write words so that everybody can understand them. In the terms of grammar, Robert Lowth, starts defining the elements of a language. The problrm was that he didn’t have any linguistic formation. AL during the 20th^ century Methodology in learning a 2nd^ language. Language and language teaching.

 21 st^ Century : Technological revolution, computers appear, affordable for all people. You can decide how to learn, they were up to know. They just started to thing that they had something to say, this is the first active role we are going to play. A support for exercises, audio and video. What we have is a powerful computer power. You are going to access to data we didn’t have before. HISTORY OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS The blind men and the elephant  Vocabulary and grammar are not separate thingsSystematicity in language comes from lexical choices and the grammatical behavior of those choicesThis structure resides in memory as a bit of formulaic language which is already formedThe learner comes into play Language and language teaching 21 st^ century : shifting paradigm  Students follow their own learning pace  Corpus based knowlege Vocabulary and grammar are not separate things. Each lexical element that you take is going to be developed with a certain grammatical structure, so they go hand in hand. What we do is store the information in chanks. In between of grammar and language. Systematically in language comes from lexical choices and the grammatical behavior of those choices. We are delivering the same content to 50 people at the same time. This is the idea, to individualize the type of teaching we are carrying now. This is the next step we have to come across. This structure resides in memory as a bit of formulaic language which is already formed The learner comes into play

AL AND ITS PLACE WITHIN LINGUISTICS

There can be different views of the same phenomenon, it is not that the phenomena is thought not to exist or to be socially constructed in different ways but that it can be explained variously, depending on the vantage point you take up. The same phenomena can be explained adopting addressing it from different point of view. The map of Australia. What it has is the aboriginal languages and describe them, the applied linguistics is going to develop a kind of policies that protect them so that they don’t disappear. They are interested on the language. The language is describing and applied linguistics is going to develop. LANGUAGE IN SITUATION An evaluation of the role of language in a social setting 1 The use of English in Melbourne

William Labov´s theory: There is a very different language used in the upper level class compared to low class level people in London. This differences changes, these differences are still accounted today. The language spoken wasn’t the language spoked 100 years ago but still have differences. They both systematically change. The application of this knowledge, is made by linguistics. The results are that you have a change inside the class but also are differences in classes. Apply it in a social setting, the validation of theories are part of what applied linguistics do. An evaluation of the role of language in a social setting

  1. Dialectical variety in India in the census data (Annamalai , 1998) a.Collect survey statistics of the numbers of mother-tongue speakers in India Collect survey stadistics of the numbers of mother tongue speakers in India----To linguistic definition of the various language groupings and families: His process of sifting reduces the number of mother-tongues in India from the 4000 reported names to a more manageable c. a. Describes a language situation on an interaction between the classification of the linguist and the interpretation of the census b. Language situations exist in nation-states and affect, and are affected by ,all the institutions that exists within a modern state. :
    • communication within and across these institutions
    • access to a vehicular language by various groups
    • the extent to which linguistic autonomy of the States restricts mobility
    • the role of English in the creation and maintenance of an Indian elite
    • the extent to which Hindi is increasingly dominant through its control over resources
    • the gap between official language policy and the situation in rural and urban schools
    • English as a symbolic rather than an instrumental policy The idea of change that is in the idea of linguistics, applied linguistics is going to act in a particular place in a particular time. Describe language. LANGUAGE AND GENDER Linguistics is interested in the influence of society in language, applied linguistics are interested in the influence of language in society. Influence of language in society: ex register depending on where you are going to use it. Influence of society in language: the way a particular class speaks at a particular time in history. The problem that we to be able to take any action we have to know the facts, the facts are described by linguistics. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS Upspeak: To tone you use when you speak. Something done by members of the society that were in weaker position than others. Canadian uprising Genderlect: Study the different ways of speaking between men and women.

THEORIES OF FLA Theories of L1 Acquisition a. Behaviorism: Skinner b. Innatism: Chomsky c. Interactionism: Piaget

1. BEHAVIORISM

The creator of this theory was B.F Skinner 1930-1990.

Behaviorism states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called

conditioning ( Stimulus – response )

Behaviorism is only concerned with observable stimulus-response behaviors, as they can be studied in a

systematic and observable manner.

It states all behaviors are learned (Learning process, nothing previously known

through interaction with the environment (Surrounds factors)

'To predict, given the stimulus, what reaction will take place; or, given the reaction, state what the

situation or stimulus is that has caused the reaction.’ Watson 1930

We're seasoning ourselves in the nurture debate that means there's traffic as it's coming out from the outside

so we are learning we are acquiring if not it would be it would it would be the nature side it would be already

been asked we wouldn't have to take anything from the outside so it's a theory of learning so we have this way

of learning in which we have choir and everything if we acquire everything from we see from levels from the

outside obviously not inside ourselves what does it mean it means that we are a black slate it means that we

don't have anything in our mind if it means that we are open to learning anything and everything. We learn to

the simplest and easiest thing to something very complicated. It doesn’t distinguish between human or animal.

There is a blank slate in our minds and we have to learn everything. We learn from our environment.

Learning process, nothing previous known. We are not going to have interest in what we see, we don’t know

that. You can’t learn something that you don’t see.

This process in which we acquire this knowledge is called conditioning and is a stimulus-response. You do

something and you get a response from the environment. The environment was something key to res. The

behaviorism is to predict what is going to happen.

Studied in a systematic and observable manner. We are going to state ourselves as a science. Follow a very

struct methodology, strict steps. Therefore we are going to predict what is going to happen.

Pavlov (1846-1936) Classical Behaviorism

Watson ( 1878-1958) Methodological behaviorism

Skinner ( 1904- 1990) Radical Behaviorism

A. Behaviorism or behavioral psychology

Pavlov 1849-1936 set the grounds of behaviorism. Classical conditioning, the application of this

behaviorism was made by Watson 1878-1958 methodologic behaviorism.

He studied the process of salivation of dogs. The amount of salivation they had as a response.

Food, salivation, and the bell. We are going to go to a process of changing these elements to

condition. Food and the sound of the bell.

We have a natural element, salivation, the food that is producing this event. We are going to enter

this third element which is the food.

Unconditioned stimulus: food

Unconditioned response: salivation

Neutral stimulus : bell

Conditioned stimulus: bell

Watson 1878-1958, Methodological behaviorism

Here is where it really starts. Alter all this natural responses. They have to do with emotions, with

something rather physical and emotional conditions.

-Considered the founder of behaviorism

-Published 'Psychology as the behaviorist views it’ 1931

-Watson and Ryner showed that classical conditioning could be applied to humans and phobias

could be learnt.

There is nothing innate to us, they are just doing associations of classical conditioning in people.

Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll

guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select –

doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents,

SKINNER BOX OR OPERANT CONDITION CHAMBER Application: Game, marketing. how this works. Positive and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement: Candy crush Negative reinforcement: if you pay a monthly fee, you don’t have adds. Ex Punishment: Negative punishment: Las cajas de Skinner se caracterizan por tener tres componentes básicos: un manipulandum, un estímulo discriminativo y un registro acumulativo. El manipulandum es aquel mecanismo que el animal debe manipular, y que no está en la naturaleza del animal manipularlo (por ejemplo, pulsar una palanca). El animal deberá aprender a llevar a cabo la conducta de presionar la palanca para tener un reforzador satisfactorio (obtener comida o evitar una descarga eléctrica). El estímulo discriminativo es aquel estímulo que señaliza si el manipulandum funciona. Suelen utilizarse un sonido o una luz. En una sesión de aprendizaje, se puede enseñar al animal que pulsar la palanca sólo es efectivo si hay una luz encendida. El registro acumulativo es un aparato que registra las respuestas operantes en función del tiempo de forma acumulativa. Esto es, un gráfico cuyo eje de abscisas refleja el tiempo, y el eje de ordenadas las respuestas emitidas. También se señaliza qué respuestas han sido reforzadas, dato importante en caso de sesiones de razón fija/variable o intervalo fijo/variable. Verbal behavior(1957) Verbal behavior that is reinforced through the meditation of a listener. Verbal behavior is behavior reinforced through mediation of other persons. No thought, no structure, is the language itself. With thus behavior that is going to change the by language

A: Im tirsty B: Ask someone for a glass of water C: They bring the water How to analyse language. Everything you study must be unit of analysis.

The total verbal episode: unit of analysis

SDS – Discriminative stimulus on the speaker BV – Behavior Verbal SDL – Discriminative stimulus on the Listener BL – Listener behavior SRS – Response Stimulus on the speaker BR – Response behavior SL – Listener Stimulus Topographical characteristics of the verbal behavior It doesn’t matter the form, just the function itself.

  • What the response looks like, it may change from time to time
  • The Function of the verbal behavior do not change
  • Aim is the prediction of future class of responses Clases of verbal operants:

A: Whats your name B: Nerea C: reinforce your need to know something Nerea could be the answer for many questions. A push something without bad intention B be carefull! C Cultural inplications A: I hope is going to rain /it looks that is going to rain B: Hopefully will rain/ its raining C The audience: is a discriminative and reinforcing stimulus in whose presence verbal behavior is characteristically strong. Certain audiences allow for positive reinforcement of verbal behavior whereas in others this verbal behavior is punished The listener: could be all of us, you can be a rule-govern behaviour, you behave as a listener behind some antecedents, rules, the law. Contingency shaped behaviour what we learn when we are interacting others. Rules are learned first and then you have to apply them or know how to apply them. Shower normally at the beginning is cold and you wait till going inside. Everything that is around you is trying to learn you how things work. This punishment and doesn’t

2. INNATISM Chomsky 1928- Lack of emphasis on emotions. Humans in general, are attach in some way. There is taken away the free will of humans being. They were criticized, all the experiment done were artificial. All this environment was set by somebody, it wasn’t real. Skinner shouldn’t compare the way animals behave. He saw that one of the main keys is not to reward Another thing he was very criticizes; Skinner was Froid. He was saying all the time that everything about the inner self of the person and this is the way we act in some ways. They were aware at 50s that chromosomes and other biological characteristics that weren’t count into account, was a mirror in our biology, how we are. Still don’t know if they have any influence. BIOGRAPHY: Chomsky was born in Pennsylvania; he had a Jewish family. They left the children on the school to experiment. He was also scholar, and they were trained into rhetoric’s. He studied mathematics and philosophy. Innatism: Has to be something in our souls to make us act like we do. All languages , should have elements in common. This elements that are on our mind. What we are trying to write down the words Universal Grammar Linguistic Universals Transformational generative grammar Hierarchy of formal languages X Bar theory Deep and surface structure Creativity Competence and performance Minimalism

Behaviorism are looking outsiINFLUENFde and start looking inside

Universal Grammar (UG)

There has to be traces of this coomnalities int his languages.

  • Poverty of stimulus (POS): Wehave limits ,take information from the outside

Limited cognitive abilities

  • Rapid acquisition: Decent respond to a formal teaching. Recognise when a sentence is

grammatical. All children acquire the same

Nor formal teaching

Proper recognition of improper usage

Universal patters of development

Quote “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously”

Principles

Parameters:

Parameter settings

Language Acquisition Device

Nicaraguan sign language: If you are not exposed to language, or in companion, these universal grammar

won’t develop. We have many elements here.

GRAMMAR FOR CHOMSKY

grammar will consist of general ‘laws’ framed in terms of ‘hypothetical constructs’ from which we may derive

statements that cover familiar and novel phenomena.

Grammar as some elements that are structurally in our mind. A kind of hypothetical construct , a common way

to construct our ideas to explain ourselves. A system of rules. At that moment the way we syntactically analyze

was like this:

Before focus was on phonology and morphology

Syntax (Immediate constituent analysis)

THE MISSIONARY WAS READY TO EAT:

1. THE MISSIONARY WAS ABOUT TO EAT

2. THE MISSIONARY WAS ABOUT TO BE EATEN

It is evident that more is involved in sentence structure than the insertion of lexical elements in grammatical

frames” (Chomsky 1959: 54)

There is a very strugel in the power of syntax and. it impies meaning and more elements. is important that up

to that moment, syntax were the rules you have to use to make a construction

Linguistic Essentialism---------Linguistic Universals

1.Phonological universals : vowels

2.Syntactic universals: subject Verb object

3.Semantic universals:

What he is looking for is the intuition we have of language that anyone has taught.

Transformational or Generative grammar

Basic structures of a language, it should be the basic information that should be indicative. With this basic

structure, we are going to transform it. There are different operation in order to transform. These

transformations should be infinite. The different transformation to this basic transformation.

To create a sentence, we do not simply attach one word to the next

This creation: operation

Responds to determined structure: structure-dependent operation

Transformation: kernel

Basic transformation (active -> passive): the apple was eaten

Permutation (aux): would you like it?

Relative transformation (more than one kernel): relative sentence the house where I live is here.

Syntactic ambiguity: she killed the man with the knife

Semantic ambiguity: bark

Grammar generation

Standard theory

By the application of rules that form grammatical sentences in a given language. They generate an infinite

number of sentences

Computational linguistic

sentences. Indeed, any explication of the notion ‘grammatical in L’.. Can be thought of as offering an explanation for this fundamental aspect of linguistic behaviour. A limited numer of components can make a lot of sentences (SS, p. 14)

COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE

How much you know about language.

Competence is knowledge of language. That part of our knowledge which is exclusively linguistic. It includes

knowledge of the vocabulary, of phonology, of syntax, and of semantics. The part of such knowledge which is

different from language to language is learnt; the part that which is universal is innate.”

Performance is the use of language in speaking and understanding utterances is linguistic performance.

Performance is dependent on one’s linguistic knowledge (competence) and in part on non-linguistic knowledge

of an encyclopedia or cultural kind, as well as on extraneous factors as mood, tiredness and so on”

How do we measure this kind of competence

MINIMALISM (1995)

Just limiting what he calls the universal grammar. What we really do is instead of this complicated. We don’t

need much to be touched , modify.

3.Interactionism

COGNITIVISM

"the act or process of knowing in the broadest sense; specifically, an intellectual process by which knowledge

is gained from perception or ideas"

Merriam webster Dictionary

Might be anything related to the memories ,any symbolism that we may have in our minds anything related to

intelligence. So here we see the radical difference to behaviorism is interested in what is happening in our

brains something is in our brain something is happening that is going to help them achieve all these knowledge

and how do we do it as going to this when they say they took it for that intellectual process.

Try to understand it. A process and take his time to understand it. Analyzing in smaller parts. Gain knowledge

to understand the world and anything that we may face. Everything has to acquire this rolling idea as a process

where you have to follow some steps to continue. Basic ideas to be able on base to them.

Arrived as an opposition to behaviorism.

Development psychology

The scientific study of development across a lifespan

Physical changes associated with aging,

changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, social behavior, and other psychological attributes.

The process in which you become an adult. we're going to start now getting into our final on details if you start

losing in this cognitive abilities .it's very important that they are linguists and psychologists that tackle these

problems so tell how people in the better positive situation

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY THEORIES

Theory of cognitive development (Piaget)

Theory of attachment (Bowlby)

Theory of psychosocial development (Erikson)

Theory of sociocultural development (Vygotsky)

All these aspects , or layers of knowledge are going to compose a person.

Piaget (1896-1980)

"I am a constructivist. I think that knowledge is a matter of constant, new construction, by its interaction with

reality, and that it is not pre-formed. There is a continuous creativity." Piaget

This process of knowledge is going to be interested in construct and develop this knowledge. Be able to

acquire language , we are not going to do it at once. Interaction with reality, surrounded by the world. The

meaning for environment for

We are social beings and this is the key to the survival of human beings. This idea is why they are all paying

attention to that. The environment is key to everything we are going to develop. This is something that has to

remind us of behaviorism.

These social cultural background means something with no background history.

Critical period---Innatism hypothesis , language doesn’t develop in this way.

Agents----Constructivism

Observation manipulation----behaviorims

1.Process of cognitive development: Describe process of acquire