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An in-depth exploration of applied linguistics, a field that deals with practical problems of language and communication. It covers various aspects such as theoretical and formal linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, discourse analysis, and more. The document also discusses the history of applied linguistics, methodology in learning a second language, and the role of language in society. It further delves into language acquisition, linguistic universals, and the relationship between language and gender.
Tipo: Apuntes
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Example of the kid and mum recording him to analyze his mistakes. Knowing where the problem is and try to apply it and solve the situation. The new technologies have changed the language in some respects. While changing the situation we change the English, we may find new grammar, vocabulary…Speaking is not changing that much. As a result of the use of internet, the language is becoming richer. The language hasn’t changed that much but the new technologies create new situations, new problems and new uses. What is sentimental Analysis. We have language everywhere we look. Customer services, amazon ex. Are going to see if people liked their product or not by the reviews. The must analyze the sentiment of the people and classify them if they are good or bad. It is very expensive to have a person organizing these comments, so they do it automatically by words. This is something very new and very needing to work in them and improve the methods. Forensic linguistics, information of the person who wrote the letter. The serial killers have a pattern There are different areas where linguistics appears and there is a problem or a situation normally not triggered with the linguistics but DEFINITION Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of research and practice dealing with practical problems of language and communication that can be identified.
History of Applied linguistics
2.The development of Applied Linguistics A) History of Applied Linguistics Plato and Aristotle. Early history We have the idea of good writing, effective discourse the rhetoric. They try to answer questions about language. Dialect to promote a philosophical approach to life. Language it’s a two vias way, language influence us but we also influence language. Designed a curriculum:
21 st^ Century : Technological revolution, computers appear, affordable for all people. You can decide how to learn, they were up to know. They just started to thing that they had something to say, this is the first active role we are going to play. A support for exercises, audio and video. What we have is a powerful computer power. You are going to access to data we didn’t have before. HISTORY OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS The blind men and the elephant Vocabulary and grammar are not separate things Systematicity in language comes from lexical choices and the grammatical behavior of those choices This structure resides in memory as a bit of formulaic language which is already formed The learner comes into play Language and language teaching 21 st^ century : shifting paradigm Students follow their own learning pace Corpus based knowlege Vocabulary and grammar are not separate things. Each lexical element that you take is going to be developed with a certain grammatical structure, so they go hand in hand. What we do is store the information in chanks. In between of grammar and language. Systematically in language comes from lexical choices and the grammatical behavior of those choices. We are delivering the same content to 50 people at the same time. This is the idea, to individualize the type of teaching we are carrying now. This is the next step we have to come across. This structure resides in memory as a bit of formulaic language which is already formed The learner comes into play
There can be different views of the same phenomenon, it is not that the phenomena is thought not to exist or to be socially constructed in different ways but that it can be explained variously, depending on the vantage point you take up. The same phenomena can be explained adopting addressing it from different point of view. The map of Australia. What it has is the aboriginal languages and describe them, the applied linguistics is going to develop a kind of policies that protect them so that they don’t disappear. They are interested on the language. The language is describing and applied linguistics is going to develop. LANGUAGE IN SITUATION An evaluation of the role of language in a social setting 1 The use of English in Melbourne
William Labov´s theory: There is a very different language used in the upper level class compared to low class level people in London. This differences changes, these differences are still accounted today. The language spoken wasn’t the language spoked 100 years ago but still have differences. They both systematically change. The application of this knowledge, is made by linguistics. The results are that you have a change inside the class but also are differences in classes. Apply it in a social setting, the validation of theories are part of what applied linguistics do. An evaluation of the role of language in a social setting
THEORIES OF FLA Theories of L1 Acquisition a. Behaviorism: Skinner b. Innatism: Chomsky c. Interactionism: Piaget
1. BEHAVIORISM
SKINNER BOX OR OPERANT CONDITION CHAMBER Application: Game, marketing. how this works. Positive and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement: Candy crush Negative reinforcement: if you pay a monthly fee, you don’t have adds. Ex Punishment: Negative punishment: Las cajas de Skinner se caracterizan por tener tres componentes básicos: un manipulandum, un estímulo discriminativo y un registro acumulativo. El manipulandum es aquel mecanismo que el animal debe manipular, y que no está en la naturaleza del animal manipularlo (por ejemplo, pulsar una palanca). El animal deberá aprender a llevar a cabo la conducta de presionar la palanca para tener un reforzador satisfactorio (obtener comida o evitar una descarga eléctrica). El estímulo discriminativo es aquel estímulo que señaliza si el manipulandum funciona. Suelen utilizarse un sonido o una luz. En una sesión de aprendizaje, se puede enseñar al animal que pulsar la palanca sólo es efectivo si hay una luz encendida. El registro acumulativo es un aparato que registra las respuestas operantes en función del tiempo de forma acumulativa. Esto es, un gráfico cuyo eje de abscisas refleja el tiempo, y el eje de ordenadas las respuestas emitidas. También se señaliza qué respuestas han sido reforzadas, dato importante en caso de sesiones de razón fija/variable o intervalo fijo/variable. Verbal behavior(1957) Verbal behavior that is reinforced through the meditation of a listener. Verbal behavior is behavior reinforced through mediation of other persons. No thought, no structure, is the language itself. With thus behavior that is going to change the by language
A: Im tirsty B: Ask someone for a glass of water C: They bring the water How to analyse language. Everything you study must be unit of analysis.
SDS – Discriminative stimulus on the speaker BV – Behavior Verbal SDL – Discriminative stimulus on the Listener BL – Listener behavior SRS – Response Stimulus on the speaker BR – Response behavior SL – Listener Stimulus Topographical characteristics of the verbal behavior It doesn’t matter the form, just the function itself.
A: Whats your name B: Nerea C: reinforce your need to know something Nerea could be the answer for many questions. A push something without bad intention B be carefull! C Cultural inplications A: I hope is going to rain /it looks that is going to rain B: Hopefully will rain/ its raining C The audience: is a discriminative and reinforcing stimulus in whose presence verbal behavior is characteristically strong. Certain audiences allow for positive reinforcement of verbal behavior whereas in others this verbal behavior is punished The listener: could be all of us, you can be a rule-govern behaviour, you behave as a listener behind some antecedents, rules, the law. Contingency shaped behaviour what we learn when we are interacting others. Rules are learned first and then you have to apply them or know how to apply them. Shower normally at the beginning is cold and you wait till going inside. Everything that is around you is trying to learn you how things work. This punishment and doesn’t
2. INNATISM Chomsky 1928- Lack of emphasis on emotions. Humans in general, are attach in some way. There is taken away the free will of humans being. They were criticized, all the experiment done were artificial. All this environment was set by somebody, it wasn’t real. Skinner shouldn’t compare the way animals behave. He saw that one of the main keys is not to reward Another thing he was very criticizes; Skinner was Froid. He was saying all the time that everything about the inner self of the person and this is the way we act in some ways. They were aware at 50s that chromosomes and other biological characteristics that weren’t count into account, was a mirror in our biology, how we are. Still don’t know if they have any influence. BIOGRAPHY: Chomsky was born in Pennsylvania; he had a Jewish family. They left the children on the school to experiment. He was also scholar, and they were trained into rhetoric’s. He studied mathematics and philosophy. Innatism: Has to be something in our souls to make us act like we do. All languages , should have elements in common. This elements that are on our mind. What we are trying to write down the words Universal Grammar Linguistic Universals Transformational generative grammar Hierarchy of formal languages X Bar theory Deep and surface structure Creativity Competence and performance Minimalism
Standard theory
sentences. Indeed, any explication of the notion ‘grammatical in L’.. Can be thought of as offering an explanation for this fundamental aspect of linguistic behaviour. A limited numer of components can make a lot of sentences (SS, p. 14)
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY THEORIES