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WRITING STORIES
Time Linking Words A few minutes later Afterwards All of a sudden All the while As As soon as At first At last At that moment Before Before long By the time During Eventually Finally For Immediately (after that) In no time at all In the beginning In the end In the meantime Just Just as Later On the spur of the moment Since Sometime later Soon Still Suddenly The moment that The next moment Then Until When While Concession - Contrast Although Even though In spite of Despite However No matter how/what Whatever But While Whereas Nevertheless Regardless of
Result - Consequence So…that Such…that Therefore So Otherwise For this reason Under the circumstances Consequently As a consequence As a result Cause-Reason Because (of) As Since Due to Owing to Emphasis In fact As a matter of fact Actually To tell you the truth Strangely enough Expressions/Phrases It was too good to be true. It happened out of the blue. The next thing I knew was… Before I knew it… Without any warning… I was taken by surprise… To my surprise… (Un) fortunately… To make matters worse… Without any doubt… Beyond any doubt Beyond a shadow of a doubt Without thinking… It was a sight for sore eyes. I couldn’t believe my eyes/ears/luck. As luck would have it… (Un) luckily… I breathed a sigh of relief. I was out of breath. It was a narrow escape. My heart sank. My heart was beating furiously. It made me jump. I burst out laughing / into tears. It was a real shock. My hair stood on end. I was as white as a sheet. It was getting on my nerves. It was the best/worst ever. I was in a good/bad mood. I was left speechless.
WRITING INFORMAL LETTERS
Linking Ideas To begin with, … Regarding the… As to the… As far as the… is/are concerned, … In the meantime… Moreover, … Furthermore,… Once again, … Giving Advice My advice is that you (do)… I would advise you to (do)… If I were you, I would (do)… If I were in your position/shoes, I would… I think the best thing would be to… I’m sure you will/can… I suggest that you (should) do… In my opinion you should/could/might (do) … You needn’t (do)… I strongly advise you to… It would be a good idea to… I think you’d better do… One thing you can do is to… What I always find helpful is… Why not consider doing…? Why don’t you do…? The way I see it, you can… How/What about doing…? Well, that’s what I think you should do. I hope I’ve been of some help to you. I really hope everything goes well. Inviting I’d love it if you joined me for / came to… I thought we might… I hope you can… We could… How about going to / joining me for…? Would you like to…? I have some suggestions about how we could spend the afternoon/evening/morning. Closing Paragraph That’s about it for me. That’s (all) my news. I look forward to hearing from / seeing you soon. Well, I think that’s about it. Well, that’s all for now. Well, I’d better finish off here. I must go now. Write soon. Waiting for your letter/reply. See you soon. Keep in touch. Say hello to everyone. Give my love/regards to everyone. Drop me a line and let me know... Closing Remarks Love, Best wishes, Yours, Your friend, All my love, All the best, Lots of kisses, Take care, Bye for now, (your first name)
WRITING FORMAL LETTERS
Greeting Dear Mr./Ms/Miss/Mrs… Dear Sir or Madam,
Letter of Complaint I am writing to complain about… I am writing to make a complaint about… I am writing to you regarding / in connection with / on account of… I regret that I am obliged to complain about… I feel I must complain about… Your advertisement states/claims/says that… Your advertisement/brochure was misleading in this respect. In your advertisement/brochure you state otherwise. You failed to mention that… You led me to believe that… You advertised that… According to your advertisement… It was completely different from… I feel it is absolutely unacceptable… I am dissatisfied with… Unfortunately, it was nothing like what I expected. The problem is… I must mention/point out… To make matters worse… As if that was not bad enough… I was shocked/surprised/disappointed… To my amazement/surprise… Considering all the above, I believe I am entitles to a partial / full refund. I demand a full refund / immediate action / a replacement. I expect to be compensated / all expenses to be paid. I would be grateful if you would deal / you dealt with this matter immediately. I would appreciate it if we could sort this matter out as soon as possible. I feel sure / am confident that this matter will receive your prompt attention. I hope that you will give this matter your attention. I am afraid that if this matter is not dealt with immediately, I will… It would be a good idea to… You should consider… I hope you will… Asking Information – Making a Request I am writing to you in connection with… I am writing with regard to / in regard to / with reference to… I am writing to ask if you could inform me about… I am writing to enquire about… I am writing for more information about… I was interested in your advertisement in… I would appreciate some further information about… Referring to your advertisement published in… Applying for a Job I am writing to apply for… Regarding/Concerning/As regards my qualifications… If you wish to interview me… Thank you for considering… I hope to hear from you… I am looking forward to hearing from you. I am looking forward to receiving your reply.
WRITING DISCURSIVE COMPOSITIONS, ARTICLES & ESSAYS
Stating arguments People in favour claim that…
Supporters argue that…
Those against this idea believe that…
Say = argue, claim, believe, agree, disagree
Expressing Contrasting
Ideas
On the one hand…On the other hand…,
however, Although, Even though, In spite of,
Despite, No matter how/what,
Whatever, But, While, Whereas, Nevertheless,
Regardless of, Contrary to, In contrast
Adding Information In fact, For example, For instance, In addition (to
this), Furthermore, Moreover, Apart from, Except
for, Besides, What is more, As well as,
not only…but also, Another
point worth mentioning is the fact that..., Another
important point worth taking into consideration/
account is the fact that..., Another significant point I
wish to bring to your attention is that...
Expressing Opinion In my opinion…, In my view…, Personally I believe
that…, The way I see it…, From my point
of view…, I am in favour of…, I am against…, My
belief is that…, I believe…,
Personally, I agree that…,
Personally, I disagree with the idea that…,
I feel very strongly that…
Listing points Initially, First (of all), At first, To begin with, To start
with, Second, Secondly, Then, Next, Finally,
Eventually, Lastly, Last but not
least, To conclude, In conclusion
Emphasizing In fact, As a matter of fact, No matter how, However
(+adjective), Even, Indeed, Actually, Instead,
Apparently, Obviously, To be honest
Giving examples For example, For instance, Such as, Like
Expressing Result -
Consequence
So…that, Such…that, Therefore, So, Otherwise, For
this reason, Under the circumstances, Consequently,
As a consequence, As a result, In this case, Or
Expressing Cause-
Reason
Because (of), As, Since, Due to, Owing to
Expressing purpose In order to, So as to, So that, in case, For, To
Clarifying meaning Specifically, To be more specific/precise, In other
words, That is to say
Summarising To sum up, To summarise, All in all, On the whole, In
short, In conclusion, Taking everything
into account
WRITING BUSINESS LETTERS
Starting We are writing to inform you that ...
to confirm ...
to request ...
Referring to
previous contact
Thank you for your letter of March 15 …
With reference to our telephone conversation
yesterday ... Further to
our meeting last week ...
Making a request We would appreciate it if you would ...
I would be grateful if you could…
Could you possibly ...
It would be helpful to us if ...
Offering help We would be happy to ...
Would you like us to ...
We are quite willing to ...
Giving good news We are pleased to announce that ...
I am delighted to inform you that ...
You will be pleased to learn that ...
Giving bad news We regret to inform you that ...
I'm afraid it would not be possible to ...
Unfortunately we cannot/we are unable to ...
Apologising We are sorry for the delay in replying ...
I regret any inconvenience caused…
I would like to apologise for...
Enclosing documents I am enclosing ...
Please find enclosed ...
You will find enclosed ...
Closing remarks If we can be of any further assistance, please let us
know. If I can help
in any way, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Thank you for your help.
Referring to future
contact
I look forward to seeing you next week.
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Looking forward to receiving your comments.
I look forward to meeting you on the 15th.
Ending
Sincerely / Yours sincerely (for all customers/clients)
Regards (for those you already know and have a
working relationship with)
In the light of (this information) / In view of It didn’t occur to me that It is common knowledge that It is worth…ing It seems / looks / appears as if/though It serves / served / will serve you right It was / is alleged that It was the first time…past perfect It would be in your own / best interest to It’s (high) time…simple past It’s doubtful if / that It’s no good…ing It’s no use…ing It’s the first time…present perfect Known as… Let alone (the fact that) Much as = Although = Even though = Though No reference was made to / Make reference to On my first / second attempt On sb’s arrival / departure On second thoughts / On reflection On the condition that On the grounds that = Because of Other than / Apart from / Except for…ing / noun Rather than Regardless of Sth serves its purpose Sth tipped the scales in his favour The answer to / The key to / The solution to The prospects of…ing sth The small hours = After midnight early in the morning There can be little / no doubt over sth There is little / no likelihood that There’s a demand for There’s a good chance that
There’s a reduction / an increase in There’s a risk that There’s heavy / severe / harsh criticism of There’s no excuse for sb…ing sth There’s no guarantee that There’s no point in…ing To acquaint myself with (the rules) To an / some extent / To such an extent that… To be at a loose end To be at a loss To be at fault To be bound to / To be certain to To be cut out for …ing sth To be cut out to be a (profession) To be hard on sb To be in mourning for sb To be in need of…ing To be in possession of To be in the habit of…ing sth To be in the hope of…ing To be intent / determined on…ing To be laid off (workers, clerks…) = To be made redundant To be left speechless To be on good / bad / equal terms with sb To be on the dole To be released on bail To be resigned to the fact of…ing To be susceptible to / prone to To be taken aback by = To be taken by surprise To be taken completely by surprise To be under construction To be under pressure To bear a great / striking resemblance to To break an engagement off To cast doubt on sth / To cast an eye on sb (cast-cast-cast)
To raise (an) objection(s) to…ing To resign myself to an idea / of…ing sth To resort to…ing / As a last resort To seek approval from sb (seek-sought-sought) To subject myself to To succeed in…ing To take any / no notice of To take into account / into consideration To take steps / course of action To tell at a glance that To the best of my ability To transform sth into To try / do my best To work up an appetite To write off debts We are all in the same boat We hadn’t bargained for / on With the exception of = With / To the exclusion of Without (any) doubt / Beyond a / the shadow of a doubt
