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UNIT 1. SENSE OF BELONGING
1. GRAMMAR
EXCLAMATIONS
• Introduced by WHAT, HOW , THAT’S.
WHAT + A / AN + NOUN or NOUN PHRASE
What a pity / shame / pain / wonderful world / beautiful name / lovely day!
What an interesting idea!
WHAT + A / AN + NOUN PHRASE + CLAUSE
What a wonderful friend he is!
• We usually use HOW to reply to good or bad news:
HOW + ADJECTIVE
How amazing! / awful!
• We use THAT’S also as a reply or to make a positive or negative remark:
THAT’S + ADJECTIVE or ADJECTIVE PHRASE
That’s hilarious! / so kind of you!
REPORTED STATMENTS AND QUESTIONS
• If something is still true, we don’t always change the tense of the verb. For example: The article said
that cloning is a technique scientists use to make exact genetic copies of living things.
• Usually, we also change the modal verb may in direct speech to might in reported speech.
REPORTING VERBS
• Reporting verbs are followed by a number of different structures. Some of theseverbs might
admit more than one form or structure.
• In informal situations, that is often left out.
FORM VERBS EXAMPLES
1 verb + (that) + clause Acknowledge, admit, agree, assert, claim, complain, deny, emphasize, explain, insist, promise, recommend, repeat, reveal, say, suggest, think, warn
- The government acknowledged (that)
they could have made better decisions.
- I told Tom that he looked very pale
today, but he insisted (that) he was okay.
- Her doctor suggested (that) she should
reduce her working hours.
- They promised (that) they would call. 2 verb + object + (that) + clause Assure, convince, inform, promise, reassure, remind, tell, warn
- They assured us (that) we would get our
money back.
- Tim reminded me (that) we had an exam
the following week.
- She warned me that the train might be
late.
3 verb + object + (not) + infinitive Advise, ask, beg, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, urge, warn
- They advised us not to drink out of that
fountain.
- The teacher encouraged the students to
discuss the book in class.
- We were warned not to feed the
squirrels.
4 verb + (not) + infinitive Agree, ask, claim, demand, offer, promise, refuse
- They agreed not to tell anyone.
- She claimed to be a famous musician.
- He had promised to call me every week. 5 verb + perfect infinitive
claim • He claims to have met the president, but
I don’t believe him.
6 verb + - ing Admit, deny, recommend, suggest
- She admitted being in love.
- They denied breaking that window.
- My cousin suggested going to that new
restaurant.
7 verb + object + preposition +
- ing + (object) accuse…of, compliment…on, congratulate…, on praise… for, remind… about, talk… into, thank… for, warn… against, warn… about - They accused them of stealing without
proof.
- My parents warned me against applying
for a job there.
- Josh thanked me for being honest with
him.
8 verb + preposition + - ing + (object) apologize for, complain about, insist on, object to, reflect on
- They apologized for being late.
- The customer insisted on talking to the
manager.
- Nobody objected to leaving earlier. 9 verb + (object) + if / whether ask (sb), enquire / inquire, want to know, wonder
- She asked me if I was Scottish.
- John enquired whether I wanted to meet
his roommate.
10 verb + (ask+ object) + question word ask (sb), describe, enquire, explain, suggest, want to know, wonder
- He asked me where I was living.
- They wanted to know when the train was
leaving.
- I wondered how many people attended
the concert.
