Coordinación (Material de Gramática), Esquemas y mapas conceptuales de Idioma Inglés

¡Descarga Coordinación (Material de Gramática) y más Esquemas y mapas conceptuales en PDF de Idioma Inglés solo en Docsity!

COORDINATION

Grammar II

Prof. María Florencia Carbone Z.

Coordination vs. subordination

Both subordination and coordination involve the linking of units, but in

subordination the units are on different syntactic levels (i.e. one unit is a

constituent of the other ) and in coordination they are on the same.

They understand the project but they reject it as extravagant.

They reject the project because they consider it extravagant.

They understand the project ; yet they reject it. (conjunct: asyndetic coord.)

Types of coordination

Syndetic : When we use a coordinator, we can put a comma between

the clauses:

❖ I used to be afraid of him, but I’ve since got to know him well.

Polysyndetic : we use several coordinators although they are not

syntactically necessary.

❖ The kids are bored with films and with video games and with

computers and with phones.

Asyndetic : Sometimes, in writing, two clauses can be made into

one sentence without a coordinating conjunction. Instead, a

semicolon or a dash is put between the clauses.

❖ The neighbours drove by; they couldn't bear to look.

Syntactic features of coordinators

• They must be placed between the two elements that they coordinate.

❖ You can have the chocolate mousse or the lemon tart

• Coordinated clauses are sequentially fixed:

❖ We may go on holiday now or we can wait until next year. (* Or we can wait until next year, we may go….)

• Coordinators cannot be preceded by subordinators:

❖ They fought bravely but they were defeated. ( *They fought bravely although but they were defeated.)

• Coordinators can link clause constituents:

❖ The students handed in the questions papers and the answer sheets.

• Coordinators can link subordinate clauses

❖ They lost because they were poorly trained and because they had injuries.

• Coordinators can link more than two clauses ❖ The party may be held when classes end, after classes end or even before they end.

∙ Adjectives

With two adjectives related to the same classifying system in front of a noun, use 'and‘.

❖ ...the country's social, economic and political crisis....

When the adjectives relate to different classifying systems, don’t use anything. ❖ ...the French classical pianists Katia and Marietta Labeque. ❖ ...a square wooden table.

With more than two adj. after a link verb, use 'and' between the last two adj. and a comma after each of the others.

❖ We felt hot, tired and thirsty. ❖ Mrs Scott's house was large and imposing.

To say that neither of two adjectives applies, use 'or' in a negative sentence.

❖ He was not exciting or good-looking.

To say that neither of two adjectives applies, use 'neither' and 'nor'.

❖ The Englishman was neither gratified nor displeased.

BUT

Contrast. You put 'not' in front of the first element.

❖ I felt not jubilation but sadness. ❖ The upright chairs were not polished but painted.

When you want to link two negative clauses , you usually use 'and'.

❖ When his mission ceased he did not return to his country and he hasn’t been there since 1979.

However, you can use 'or' when the clauses have the same subject and the same auxiliaries. In the second clauses, you omit the subject, the auxiliaries, and 'not'.

❖ She doesn't drink or smoke. ❖ We will not pay ransom or do deals for hostages.

Simple coordination

❖ They painted the house but did not paint the garage.

Complex coordination

❖ They painted the house white and the garage blue.

Ellipsis in coordination

When you link clauses which have the same subject, you do not always need to repeat the subject in the second clause.

❖ The boys shouted and rushed forward.

To link clauses which have different subjects but which have some common elements, you do not need to repeat all the elements in the second clause.

❖ Some of them went to one pub and some to the other. ❖ One soldier was killed and another wounded. ❖ One of its sides was painted black and the other white.