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EU´s External Action and CFSP, Apuntes de Derecho de la Unión Europea

Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Derecho de la Unión Europea
Prof. Ferrer Covadonga

Communitarian Law EU´s External Action and CFSP

Tipo: Apuntes

2018/2019

Subido el 24/01/2019

2211-17
2211-17 🇪🇸

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EU External Action and CFSP!
Communitarian Law!
11. EU’S EXTERNAL ACTION AND CFSP
I. OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF THE EU’S EXTERNAL ACTION
The EU has an external dimension.!
TFEU: V Part. External Action. Arts. 205-222!
TEu:
•“General provisions” on the Union’s external action (arts. 21 and 22)!
•“Specific provisions” on the common foreign and security policy (arts. 23 to 46)!
Separation between the external relations, which belong to the Union’s competences, and the rest of the external policy,
that remains under the framework of the CFSP, under en intergovernmental rationale.!
1. Objectives
Art. 3.5 TEU; it establishes wide objectives for the EU in the international arena:!
“In its relations with the wider world, the Union shall uphold and promote its values and interests and contribute to the
protection of its citizens. It shall contribute to peace, security, the sustainable development of the Earth, solidarity and
mutual respect among peoples, free and fair trade, eradication of poverty and the protection of human rights, in particular
the rights of the child, as well as to the strict observance and the development of international law, including respect for
the principles of the United Nations Charter”.
These objectives are extended in art. 21.2 TEU: it identifies the objectives of the common policies and actions of the EU
on external issues, among which stands out the safeguard of its values, fundamental interests, security, Independence
and integrity; the perseverance of peace; the fostering of the sustainable economic, social and environmental
development of developing countries…!
2. Principles
Art. 21.1 TEU:
“The Union's action on the international scene shall be guided by the principles which have inspired its own creation,
development and enlargement, and which it seeks to advance in the wider world: democracy, the rule of law, the
universality and indivisibility of human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for human dignity, the principles of
equality and solidarity, and respect for the principles of the United Nations Charter and international law”.
For the attainment of these principles, the second paragraph provides for the development of relations and the building
of partnerships with third countries.!
Art. 22 TEU establishes that on the basis of these principles and objectives, the European Council shall identify the
strategic interests and objectives of the Union.!
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Communitarian Law

11. EU’S EXTERNAL ACTION AND CFSP

I. OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF THE EU’S EXTERNAL ACTION

The EU has an external dimension. TFEU: V Part. External Action. Arts. 205- TEu:

  • “General provisions”^ on the Union’s external action (arts. 21 and 22)
  • “Specific provisions”^ on the common foreign and security policy (arts. 23 to 46) Separation between the external relations, which belong to the Union’s competences, and the rest of the external policy, that remains under the framework of the CFSP, under en intergovernmental rationale.

1. Objectives

Art. 3.5 TEU ; it establishes wide objectives for the EU in the international arena: “In its relations with the wider world, the Union shall uphold and promote its values and interests and contribute to the protection of its citizens. It shall contribute to peace, security, the sustainable development of the Earth, solidarity and mutual respect among peoples, free and fair trade, eradication of poverty and the protection of human rights, in particular the rights of the child, as well as to the strict observance and the development of international law, including respect for the principles of the United Nations Charter”. These objectives are extended in art. 21.2 TEU: it identifies the objectives of the common policies and actions of the EU on external issues, among which stands out the safeguard of its values, fundamental interests, security, Independence and integrity; the perseverance of peace; the fostering of the sustainable economic, social and environmental development of developing countries…

2. Principles

Art. 21.1 TEU: “The Union's action on the international scene shall be guided by the principles which have inspired its own creation, development and enlargement, and which it seeks to advance in the wider world: democracy, the rule of law, the universality and indivisibility of human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for human dignity, the principles of equality and solidarity, and respect for the principles of the United Nations Charter and international law”. For the attainment of these principles, the second paragraph provides for the development of relations and the building of partnerships with third countries. Art. 22 TEU establishes that on the basis of these principles and objectives, the European Council shall identify the strategic interests and objectives of the Union.

Communitarian Law II. EU’S EXTERNAL RELATIONS

1. Characteristics:

The external policy is part of the hard core of Member State’s sovereignty; therefore, its collective regulation and configuration within the EU is, on certain occasions, difficult. The difficulty to include the EU in one of the traditional categories used to classify the States and the International Organizations (typical subjects of international law) makes more complex its cohabitation in the international arena. The pragmatic carácter of the integration process is still more evident in the EU’s external dimension:

  • Due to the founding Treaties’ inaccuracy, the external dimension was built along the way.
  • It was necessary to assume certain international obligations, to attain the objectives of the Treaties.
  • The subsequent Treaty reform were consolidating new spheres of competences capable of displaying an external dimension; new explicit competences were introduced in the Treaties.
  • Besides, the CJEU begun to confirm the existence of implicit competences; principle of parallelism between internal and external competences, that allow the assumption of new international commitments by the EU when no explicit competences were provided.
  • Art. 352 TFEU was also used; it allowed to extend the EU’s competences in the external area. Therefore, the EU’s external relations found their basis in this group of explicit, implicit and competences assumed through art. 352 TFEU. When talking about external relations, there is a split depending on the area in which the EU is acting:
  • On on side, the external relations of the EU; the ones developed by the European Communities (e.g: common trade policy), in which there is a transfer of competences to the EU.
  • On the other side, the CFSP, including the CSDP; that remains in the area of intergovernmental cooperation. The CFSP remains outside the control of the CJEU, except: the control of the division of competences between the EU and the CFSP; and the control of the Council’s decisions that establishes restrictive measures against natural or legal persons.

2. The International Legal Personality of the EU

The Lisbon Treaty expressly confers legal personality to the EU (art. 47 TEU) Characteristics:

- Capacity to conclude international agreements with States and International Organizations in order to achieve the EU’s objectives.

  • Exercise of the right of legation (legación):
    • (^) Active: Send diplomatic representatives before third States and International organizations.
    • (^) Passive: Receive diplomatic representatives from other States.

Communitarian Law

2. CFSP Basic Characteristics:

CFSP is governed by specific rules and procedures (art. 24TEU) Competences in the framework of CFSP has a specific nature and they cannot be included in the main categories of exclusive, shared or supporting competences (art. 2.4 TFEU) Art. 352 TFEU cannot be used in the area of CFSP (it is expressly forbidden, art. 352.4 TFEU) The legislative initiative is shared between the Member States, the High Representative and the Commission (art. 30 TEU) The European Council has exceptionally important functions. The Council also has wide and decisive functions (decision powers and of initiative, control powers and executive powers). Decisions are adopted, in general, by unanimity of the Council, although there are exceptions that allow the adoption of decisions by qualified majority (art. 31 TEU):

  • General rule: Unanimity.
  • Exceptions: qualified majority: Cases provided for in art. 31.2 TEU. Other cases can be added by European Council’s decision (by unanimity art. 31.3 TEU).
  • Constructive abstention.
  • Abstención constructiva: When abstaining in a vote, any member of the Council may qualify its abstention by making a formal declaration. In that case, it shall not be. obliged to apply the decision, but shall accept that the decision commits the Union. (art. 31.1 paragraph 2)
  • Qualified majority cannot be applied:
    • (^) To decisions having military or defense implication –always unanimity- (art.31.4 TEU).
    • (^) To adopt the decision to open negotiations with third States or IIOO to celebrate a Treaty, and for the conclusion of the Treaty, when the agreement covers fields for which unanimity is required for the adoption of the internal decisions (art. 218.8 TFEU).
    • (^) If a member of the Council declares that, for vital and stated reasons of national policy, it intends to oppose the adoption of a decision to be taken by qualified majority; The High Representative will, in close consultation with the Member State involved, search for a solution acceptable to it. If he does not succeed, the Council may, acting by a qualified majority, request that the matter be referred to the European Council for a decision by unanimity (art. 31.2 in fine TEU). EP’s participation is modest and the Commission’s role secondary. They do not occupy an comparable position as the one that they have in other areas of the EU. The decisions in these area cannot be controlled by the CJEU (with the exceptions already explained).

3. Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)

The CSDP is an integral part of the CFSP. Common Defence Policy that might lead to a common defence. First cooperation in the area of defence Treaty of Brussels of 1948, signed by France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and UK. Modified in 1954, when was created the WEU (european organization for the purposes of cooperation on defence and security)

Communitarian Law Maastricht Treaty: First one to contain provisions regarding the EU’s responsibility in security issues and regarding the possibility of a common defence policy. Lisbon Treaty (arts. 42 to 46 TEU):

  • Art. 42.1:^ The common security and defence policy shall be an integral part of the common foreign and security policy. It shall provide the Union with an operational capacity drawing on civilian and military assets. The Union may use them on missions outside the Union for peace-keeping, conflict prevention and strengthening international security in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter. The performance of these tasks shall be undertaken using capabilities provided by the Member States.
  • Art. 42.2:^ The common security and defence policy shall include the progressive framing of a common Union defence policy. This will lead to a common defence, when the European Council, acting unanimously, so decides. It shall in that case recommend to the Member States the adoption of such a decision in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements The capacities and structures of the CSDP are used for:
  • Military crisis management
  • Civil crisis management
  • Conflict prevention

4. News introduced by the Lisbon Treaty reform

The figure of the High Representative. The European External Action Service. The solidarity clause: Art. 222 TFEU. Allows that a Member State that has suffered a terrorist attack or has been victim of a natural or man-made disaster, receives the assistance of the Member States and the EU. Mutual assistance clause or collective self-defence clause: If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power (art. 42.7 TEU). European Defence Agency (art. 45 TEU). Permanent structured cooperation for the Member States that wish a higher development in the area of defence (art. 46 TEU).