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GÉNEROS LITERARIOS II
Introduction: Origins and antecedents of the English Novel ‘’The argument about when apes end, and human begins is paralleled by arguments about whether various forms of earlier narrative should or should not be described as novels’’ Uncertainty surrounding begin of novel. Believed early 18th^ century. Novel it is not until the end of the 18th^ century that the term novel was consolidated, established to refer to this new form. It was a romance by C. Reeve (1785) that the term was consolidated. At the beginning of the novel, the novel was locked down by the people. Historicist school the novel in Great Britain originated due to aspects that belong outside the text, mostly changes in the social political and economic conditions of the time. A new social class: the bourgeoise. Influenced by journalism. Many narrative techniques are taken by the journalism. The rise of the individual are read in private by the individuals. Subjective perspective, inner self, private life. Particular use of time chronological time, the calendar against time in previous forms (Shakespeare e.g). Verisimilitude, true events, realism. The printing press, cheaper to publish books. Beginning of the market economy things could be bought and sold. The rise of the man of letters aristocrats paid to someone to write poems. Aspects_ emphasis on daily life, social class bourgeoise, a novel. Formalist school says that the novel is both a synthesis of characteristics of texts as well as reactions against text. Novel=evolution of texts. The ancestor of the novel is Chaucer (The Canterbury Tales). Chaucer is very allegorical, and some aspects does not fit in this new genre. Three medieval genres: the homily, the fabliaux, and the exemplar. The Renaissance novella, The Picaresque. Don Quixote. THE AGE OF JOHNSON (1740-1770) Who is? He was very prolific and a man of letters. He was biographer, creator… Brilliant period for English letters. English literature flourished. The age where the novel started to grow up. Brilliant poetry (prose), where Johnson was remarkable. Pamela (1740) Richardson. He was a painter and was asked to write a compilation of letters to serve as example for young maids, as a kind of conduct model. He learnt about this young maid who defended it her virtue from his master and at the end married his master. Believable stories. He decided to write Pamela Humphrey Clinker (1770) The age of Johnson: Richardson , Smollett, Fielding and Sterh. Q1: Novel is a low mimetic genre. Emphasis on realism. No good novels for 20 years but a lot of subgenres like the gothic, romance anti-romance, the sentimental novel (the novel of sensibility), PILGRIMAGE THROUGH EXOTIC LANDS, AND FEMINY FICTION. Hundreds of imitations. A time of uncertainty for the novel, there were no good actors, and was no easy to access to the novel.
PAMELA
Can be considered the first best seller in English. Is written in letters. Very influential because on the one hand reflects the changes on the family model but it also contributed to the consolidating these changes. At the time, marriage became very value. From the extended family to the nuclear family the pilar of this family was the married couple. Marriage was highly value at the time. Marriage solves the heroines’ troubles. Marriage is perceived as the solution. Narrative to the bourgeoise. Marriage was a way for women to climb up in society. If a women married someone with lower status was thought that it was because sex. Love and sex together Pro Pamela and Anti Pamela Pamela or virtue regarded. Pamela proves that the socially inferior have influenced the moral superior. Anti Pamelist a mode of hypocrisy, female arts to attract her master until the master decides to marry. Henry Fielding ‘’Shamela’’. Q2: Double standard of morality, strong reaction against it because they wanted to restrict the moral standard of reality. Richardson published the novel of ‘’Sir Charles Grandison’’, remains a virgin until his marriage. Restricting the male standard of morality. The novel reflects what was going on in the period and stablished some new values. We can compare Pamela with earlier heroines like Roxana and Moll Flanders. These two heroines have very little to do with the mod of Pamela, they achieve their goals because their efforts, sexually promiscuity, near prostitution, previous model for heroine, obsessed with marriage and protecting virginity. Pamela is more passive, independent from her husband, action occurs mostly inside the house and the only aims Pamela has is virtue (virginity). The novel is an example of the morality of the time. Realism (not wild elements) but also a Romance Combination of them. Q3: Very organized plot. Q4: Changes in the fearer of the intimate. The rise of the novel and this model of intimacy reflects the changes but also contributed to it. Everything is related to marriage and horror with sex before marriage. Puritanism romantic love was superficial, didn’t approve romantic love. Spiritual affair, harmony between the marriage. Condemn all sexual activity outside marriage. Vocabulary reflects the new values e.g. modesty. Jane Austen’s fascination with marriage. Pamela manages to change the master’s models. Pamela as the model heroine: she is a teenager, very young lady, very beautiful, totally inexperienced, naïve, very delicate physically and mentally, she fails at any sexual advanced, slim, blushes a lot and can be
and build stereotypically: the angel, the monster, the whore… Evelina pays the way for Jane Austen sentimental novel. Evelina was published anonymously in 1778. Fanny Burney’s Femineity fiction was a form in where women could express her feelings. Women concerns. Had its limitation Women were defined in a very conventional way, private life. They revolved around personal matters. Avoided social and political matters. She had contact with the most cultivated society. Burney did not receive any formal education. Self-taught. Intellectual young lady, very difficult for woman because this was not fit in the pattern for the femininity for that time. Male approbation, especially her father. Critical attitude to society situation of woman at the time. More opportunities for women if they get a husband. Si no eres una carga económica para tu familia. Guarantee the economic stability, had to conform to the complement’s stereotypes. 1777 topic of women’s nature. How should a woman behave. Opinion of the sentimentalist school: emphasize on the feeling, women’s natural capacity: tenderness, compassion, sympathy… very conservative with women, women had a domestic and supportive roll. Early feminist tried to opposed this idea, and spread the idea that women were rational and are capable of have an independent thought. These feminist ideas were expressed in fiction. Atmosphere of undercity that Fanny Burney grow up Evelina expresses this confusion. Identity of Burney was revealed and was invited to the intellect circle, Burney failed and never integrated. Fanny’s dilemma contradictory woman, she had strong desire to conform femininity role, but she was a rebel. Paratexts of the novel P1: to her father, allusion to write, the tone is one of modesty. Speaks of her sins and asks for his mercy. Approbation of her father and of the literary fathers of that time. Novel was considered an inferior genre. Evelina: Epistolary novel. More active character because she is writing her letters in the cover. Pamela is more passive. Social restrictions for women, male approbation (her father, society…). Evelina is Burney’s rebellion, her declaration of independence. It was published so she overcame innocence. Evelina reflects the author’s contradictory nature. This shows in the novel’s forms because combines different traditions. Evelina mixture of romance but besides romance we have social satire which do not blend well. Satire is for criticizes society. Marriage is a social institution, conforming rather than rebellion. Evelina is a combination of these satiric realism and the romantic fantasy. Improper characters like Evelina’s grandmother. Anonymously but was so popular. Evelina comes out in London society and marries a modest Lord. Her father ends up acknowledging her (she us illegitimate).
LETTER I: To the reverence Mr. Villars. He is in Evelina’s care when her mother dies. He is like an father figure. Alludes to a marriage. Mr. Evelyn married Madame Duval (Mrs. Evelyn). Improper marriage because Madame Duval is French. Conflict between the French and the British Besides being French she was a maid. It was ok to a man to marry someone bellow. Later, he realized he was wrong marrying Madame Duval. They had Carolyne who is Evelina’s mother. Carolyne marries Lord Belmont and they had a daughter (Evelina). Evelina is a daughter of a lord. Carolyne dies when Evelina is a baby. Two failed mothers, one is Madame Duval and the other Caroline Evelyne. LETTER VIII: A surname is a social convention. She has no social position because she has no a proper surname. This confusion about the names is still present at the end of the novel, because at the end she has three possible surnames. BURNEY’S HEROINES: They are all very young and very beautiful. They are all alone in the world (orphans). They set out for a safe place. They depend on men. They are passive but also capable of independent action. Interest in the relationship between manners and modals. They are modest (blush easily). Not excessively sentimental. Evelina is very critical, at the beginning this criticism is very explicit. Conforms between the heroine and the challenge with the young lady of the time. The novel offers different models of the feminine. Evelina as the heroine has to be exemplar, she is limited by her need for an example to follow. Surrounded by feminine characters who are excessively feminine and excessively masculine. Evelina’s connection with the benevolence of the romantic novel. Q9: Evelina shows qualities that at the time were attributed to men. Strength and carriage. She is borrowing from the masculine attributes of the time. Q10: Revolutionary because Mr. Villas is saying that women are also strong. Female author using a male character to make these statements. Q11: Women’s honor was social justice. Form of the novel: Epistolary novel. Is the main narrator and the main focalizer, most letters came from her. Innocence is empowering her. Restricts and keeps her in the private (close and social circle). JANE AUSTEN The Wild Beast Uncaged: It draws attention to some incurrences of Jane Austen biography. She had to hide her true feelings sometimes. She was a woman of contradictions, strong and rebel but also a figure of femininity. Idealized picture from her family memoir. ‘’I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading’’ Caroline Bingley. Irony in the quotation because Caroline does not like reading but said this quotation to conquer Darcy.
New subgenre of the novel which started from the 1760s-1820s. 1818 Frankenstein. The Gothic is incorporated into the mainstream fiction, realistic fiction. The Castle of Otranto the first gothic novel in Great Britain. Tells the story of the lord of the castle and his family, starts with the preface. Allusion to marriage. Tension in the patriarchy family. Catholic familybecause the anti-Catholicism in the gothic novels, the writers used to be protestants. Dark ages of Christianity 1095. Matilda the typical heroine, virgin, young, a teenager. Figure of the villain Manfred. Patriarchal family. Prophecies. The female has to blame. Atmosphere of uncertainty. Allusion to the chapel. Conexion between the gothic and the sentimental novel. Horror is connected to the body. The Mysteries of Udolpho prototype of the persecuted heroine. Natural victim. Misfortunes in a castle. France, Mediterranean country. It occurs in the far past. There is no a catastrophe from the very beginning. Contrast between the sublime and the beautiful. Allusion to benevolence. Emily’s father lives in the beautiful landscape, simple and happy life like Frankenstein at the beginning of the novel Benevolism. Reference to pity. Happiness destroyed by the gothic elements. Prolepsis, anticipation. Introduction to the Gothic The Gothic attacks against the dominant, there are tendencies of neoclassicism and Augustinism. Realistic novel challenge with the creation of the Gothic Novel. Conexions between the Gothic and the Sentimental Novel.
- Both genres are from the same philosophy.
- Novels like The Monk, combines the sentimental with the gothic story which ends in disaster. The Sublime 16 th^ and 17th^ century. Grand, elevated lofty. Highest moral and emotional qualities. Great nobility of the character. Associated with a particular sensation of awe. Astonishment and also fear and terror. The Sublime comes from nature but also literature and arts. It is not just nature but the representation of nature. All that we fear for being greater that we are. Easy to spot. The Uncanny Difference between terror and horror: Terror more positive because expands faculties. Terror is often associated with the mental experience of the mind. Mind, sublime, expanse faculties. Horror Freezes faculties. Brings more physical experience and the source is the body. Associated with the abject, the rejection of the gross materiality of the mother and the other. Is a kind of entrance into the symbolic. Theory of the self and integration into the society. Undifferentiated mass the mirror stage. What is the mirror stage? Recognizes their own image in the mirror. There is not a clear separation between the adult and the baby the imaginary stage because it concerns images, the baby can’t speak yet. Images, pre-linguistic. Union with the mother (body, senses, color, sound…) the Oedipus complex. Against incest. Facilitates entrance into the last stage. Anne Williams the figure of the other is very prominent.
Different interpretations of the Gothic Escapist, some of the most important interpretations of the gothic. Tensions in the patriarchal family, marriage has an important role, association between the gothic and the female. Psychoanalytical interpretations of the gothic were very popular. Anxiety about revolution (historical context), the gothic is simply responding to the age of the revolutions. Analyze Frankenstein since the lens of the revolution. Mostly focuses on the horror, and the source of the horror is the female body. Male gothic The Monk. Female Gothic contested term (Ellen Moers). 1976 describe women writers who chose the gothic mode because they saw the gothic as a politically subversive genre. Expressed dissatisfaction about the patriarchy with the gothic. Gothics reinforce some traditional female values, representation of the female as a persecuted victim. Ambivalence about the female in the gothic. Marital gothic the gothic stands from the marriage. CLOSE READING VOL I QUOTATION FORMAL ASPECTS.
