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GRAMATICA INGLESA I, Apuntes de Idioma Inglés

Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)Idioma Inglés
Prof. Ana Díaz Galan

Asignatura: gramatica 1, Profesor: ana diaz galan, Carrera: Estudios Ingleses, Universidad: ULL

Tipo: Apuntes

2014/2015

Subido el 23/04/2015

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GRAMATICA INGLESA I
TEMA 1
What is the language?
• The main function of language is to communicate
• Communication is intentional (the main function is to inform)
• Information which is not intentional is not communication (sneezing = a cold)
LINGUISTIC SIGNS
Language consists of signs. They can be:
*iconic: they resemble what they represent (photographs)
*indexical: they have a connection with the thing they represent (smoke to fire)
*symbolic: they are only conventionally related to the thing they represent (a flag to a
nation to a wedding ring to marriage)
Most language is symbolic. The relation btw the linguistic sign and what is signifies is arbitrary.
THE DIFFERENCE BTW HUMAN AND ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
1. Human language can be used to talk and reflect on language and its uses (reflexivity)
2. It allows humans to talk about events and things not present in the immediate
environment or even about places, events or things whose existence we cannot be sure
of (displacement)
3. There is no natural connection btw a linguistic form and its meaning (arbitrariness)
Another differences:
1. Productivity: humans are continually creating new expressions and utterances by
manipulating their linguistic resources.
2. Cultural transmission: human language is transmitted culturally while animal
language is transmitted by instinctive. The human language is learnt, different
groups of people speak different dialects. Depend on this human can understand
each other. People were born with the capacity of speak, capacity of speech as a
physical mean, but if we don’t practice this, we can loss it.
3. Duality: it is the human capacity to produce sounds and another level at which we
produce meaning with a limited number of sounds (consonants and vowels).
THE HUMAN LANGUAGE IS NOT HOMOGENEUS, it is continually changing. This is due
to several factors: USERS and USE.
1. VARIATION ACCORDING USER: (these users must speak the same language). The
characteristics of users which affect the language are:
1.a. Regional origin: different vocabulary if you are from one region or another one.
The main difference which depends of this characteristic is the pronunciation.
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GRAMATICA INGLESA I

TEMA 1

What is the language?

  • The main function of language is to communicate
  • Communication is intentional (the main function is to inform)
  • Information which is not intentional is not communication (sneezing = a cold) LINGUISTIC SIGNS Language consists of signs. They can be: *iconic: they resemble what they represent (photographs) *indexical: they have a connection with the thing they represent (smoke to fire) *symbolic: they are only conventionally related to the thing they represent (a flag to a nation to a wedding ring to marriage) Most language is symbolic. The relation btw the linguistic sign and what is signifies is arbitrary.

THE DIFFERENCE BTW HUMAN AND ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

  1. Human language can be used to talk and reflect on language and its uses (reflexivity)
  2. (^) It allows humans to talk about events and things not present in the immediate environment or even about places, events or things whose existence we cannot be sure of (displacement)
  3. There is no natural connection btw a linguistic form and its meaning (arbitrariness) Another differences:
  4. (^) Productivity: humans are continually creating new expressions and utterances by manipulating their linguistic resources.
  5. Cultural transmission: human language is transmitted culturally while animal language is transmitted by instinctive. The human language is learnt, different groups of people speak different dialects. Depend on this human can understand each other. People were born with the capacity of speak, capacity of speech as a physical mean, but if we don’t practice this, we can loss it.
  6. Duality: it is the human capacity to produce sounds and another level at which we produce meaning with a limited number of sounds (consonants and vowels). THE HUMAN LANGUAGE IS NOT HOMOGENEUS, it is continually changing. This is due to several factors: USERS and USE.
  7. VARIATION ACCORDING USER: (these users must speak the same language). The characteristics of users which affect the language are: 1.a. Regional origin: different vocabulary if you are from one region or another one. The main difference which depends of this characteristic is the pronunciation.

1.b.Social-class membership: it depends on your social class, you will speak one way or another way. It depends basically on tour social or cultural level (socialect). 1.c. Age: people who are older can have different words for the same meaning. It means an old man can say brown for the same colour, but a language does not have 2 words for the same meaning if one of them is not used. When one is not necessary, it disappears. Or another example new technological slang (whatsapp, to Google..) 1.d.Gender: the most common is that women speak more polite than mean. For example: a woman and a man belong to a low social class but the woman tends to speak more polite than him. Males use more non-standard forms in pronunciation and grammar, more taboo words and rude expressions. These factors which affect lexis, grammar and pronunciation will shape a dialect. There are two types of variation: Diastractic variation, which depends on the social variation, and diatopic variation, which depends on the regional variation. We sometimes use indirect speech as questions as ‘can you open the window?’, they aren’t YES/NO questionspragmatics For example, the text written by Deborah Tannen in which a couple is talking about a coffee (would you like a coffee? No thanks). The solution of this is that you can choose the way of you speak.

  1. (^) VARIATION ACCORDING TO USE: no user of a language will speak just one variation of language but we can change our way of speaking depend on the situation. This variation is called ‘style’ or more technically ‘REGISTER’, for instance the academic style. Halliday wrote in 80’s a book called ‘The grammar of a language changes depends on the register’. The Register is when a language changes depend on the context. It depends on 3 factors: - TENOR: is the relationship btw the speaker and the addressee, which is often shown by more or less formality. This can be more formal, more polite, less informal, and impolite. All of this is called POLITENESS THEORY. In English, when sth is said indirect is more polite: the window is open and you say ‘I’m cold’ The typical example in Spanish is the address terms ‘tú’ and ‘usted’. - (^) MODE: the medium is which the language is transmitted (oral or written). Oral is often less formal than written language. The mode will have an effect in the language we use. The difference involves the intonation, because it can transmit different meaning, and the non- verbal communication (body language, facial expressions…).The gestures are related with the nacionality.

Comió Juan manzanas This is marked because it is not normal V S O Sth is unmarked when is usual like SVO

  • If a language has gender categories in the noun, then, it has gender categories in the pronouns. [implicational universals] For instance in Spanish.

GRAMMAR

What is understood under the heading “grammar” may vary considerably from one author to another. Basically, “grammar” studies language but, for instance, David Crystal (ibid pp. 92-93), lists six different types of grammar:

  1. (^) Prescriptive grammar: a manual that focuses on constructions where usage is divided, and lays down rules governing the socially correct use of language.
  2. Pedagogical grammar: A book specifically designed for teaching a foreign language, or for developing awareness of the mother tongue.
  3. Descriptive grammar: an approach that describes the grammatical constructions that are used in a language, without making any evaluative judgement about their standing in society.
  4. Reference Grammar: It’s a grammatical description that tries to be as comprehensive as possible, so that it can act as a reference for those interested in establishing grammatical facts, whether contemporary or historical.
  5. (^) Theoretical grammar: An approach that goes beyond the study of individual languages to determine what constructs are needed in order to do any kind of grammatical analysis and how these can be applied consistently in the investigation of human language
  6. Traditional grammar: A term often used to summarize the range of attitudes and methods fond in the period of grammatical study before the advent of linguistic science. This “tradition” is over 2,000 years old and includes the work of classical Greek and Roman grammarians, Renaissance writers and 18th^ -century prescriptive grammarians.