Intermediate English Grammar: Present Perfect Tense and Relative Clauses, Apuntes de Inglés

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Intermediate 1

Additional Grammar

This material is going to Help you to understand

Grammar in basic three

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Negative I You He have not eaten has not seen have not been (^) breakfast todaythe new film to Asia Negative Short Form IYouHe haven´t eaten hasn´t seen haven´t been She has not played tennis She hasn´t played

The negative is really simple too. Just put after ‘have’ or ‘has’: ‘not’

To make a question, put front of the subject: ‘have’ or ‘has’ in

As you can imagine, for put the question word before ‘Wh’ Questions ‘wh’ questions, we just ‘have’ or ‘has’ Where Why Why What hashas have have ithe (^) rained you (^) gone they l done already? earned so much this summer? today? English before?

‘Yes / No’ Questions Have Have Has she theywe met arrived studied John? too early? English grammar before? Have you visited London? INTERMEDIATE 1

Positive I You He have played has written have worked Positive Short Form IYouHe ´ve played´s written´ve worked They have studied They ´ve studied

Using the Present Perfect When should we use the present

This is one of the most difficult tenses to use correctly. I hope the rules below are helpful: perfect tense?

Present Perfect Unfished actions or situations Tense I´ve know julie for ten years (Imet her ten years ago and I still^ ‘How Long’

know her). We have live here since 2004.

With Often with stative verbs. ‘since’ and ‘for’.

Finished Actions or Situations I´ve been to mexico. She has never studied^ Life Experience

Japanese. Often with and ‘ever’ ‘never’

She´s had lunch today. We´ve seen Lucy this^ Unfinished Time^ word I´ve lost my keys! John has missed the bus,so he´ll be late. I´ve already done my homework^ Present Result week. INTERMEDIATE 1

We use months) (^) : ‘for’ with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six I’ve known Julie I’ve been hungry She’s had a cold forfor for a week.ten years. hours.

Finished Actions

I She They have been has lived have visited to London. inNew York. Paris three times. We Have you ever read have never seen ‘War and Peace’?that film.^ INTERMEDIATE 1

I’ve lost She day). ’s hur my keys (so I can’t get into my house).t her leg (so she can’t play tennis to- They I eat). ’ve cooked’ve missed dinner (so you should come and the bus (so they will be late).

I She This week they haven’t seen’s drunk three cups of coffee today. her this month. ’ve been shopping four times. INTERMEDIATE 1

Affirmative: Negative: Interrogative : Interrogative negative: She She hasn’t been Has has been she (^) beenHasn’t running./ She’s been running? she been running. running?

Actions that started in the past and continue in the present She waiting now) has been waitin. g for you all day (= and she’s still

I’ve been working this morning They have been travelling they’re not home yet). (= and I still haven’t finished it). on this report since eight o’clock since last October (= and

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Actions that have just finished,but we are interested in the result

Verbs Without Continuous forms

She has been cooking the food on the table looks delicious). It’s been raining Someone’s been eating (= and the streets are still wet). (^) my chipssince last night (= half of them (= and have gone).

With verbs not normally used in the continuous form, use the simple present perfect. For example: I’ve wanted to visit China for years. She’s known I’ve hated I’ve heard We’ve understood that music since I first heard it.a lot about you recently. Robert since she was a child. everything. we’ve heard this morning. INTERMEDIATE 1

Although most passive voice sentences in English do not include agents, there are three narrow instances when speakers and writers tend to express them: 1. The agent is expressed when it is a proper name indicating an artist, an inventor, a discoverer, or an innovator. a. The Mona Lisa b. The Americas were discovered was painted (by Leonardo da Vinci). (by Christopher Columbus).

2. The agent is expressed when it is an indefinite noun phrase conveying new information that the speaker/writer thinks is important enough to mention. a. These works of art b. The corner store was robbed were all produced (by a masked gunman). (by a woman).
3. The agent is expressed when it is an unexpected inanimate noun. a. Thirteen people b. All the lights in this building were injured are controlled (by a tornado in Florida). (by computers). INTERMEDIATE 1

With few exceptions, passive voice sentences can be recast in the active voice with the agent moved to the subject position with no essential change of meaning. Note these examples:

Summary of Agents in Passive Voice Sentences 1. Agents always exist in passive voice sentences, mostly unexpressed but sometimes expressed by means of a by-phrase.

a. the proper name of an artist, inventor, discoverer, innovator;^ 2. An agent is most frequently expressed when it is b an indefinite noun phrase conveying new information; c. an unexpected inanimate noun.

3. Passive voice sentences can be recast into the active voice with the agent in the subject position.

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A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about: I like the woman who lives next door. (If I don’t say ‘who lives next door’, then we don’t know which woman I mean). A this information to understand the sentence. non-defining relative clause I live in London, which has some fantastic gives us extra information about something. We don’t need parks. (Everybody knows where London is, so ‘which has some fantastic parks’ is extra information). 1: The relative pronoun is the subject: First, let’s consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause. We can use ‘who’, ‘which’ or ‘that’. We use ‘who’ for people and ‘which’ for things. We can use The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can’t drop the relative pronoun. For example ‘that’ (clause after the object of the sentence): for people or things. Important INTERMEDIATE 1

I’m looking for a secretary well. I sent a letter which / that (^) arrived three weeks later. who / that can use a computer More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence): The people The house which who / (^) / that that live on the island are very friendly. belongs to Julie is in Copan. 2: The relative pronoun is the object: Next, let’s talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples: (Clause after the object) (Clause after the subject)

She loves the chocolate John met a woman with. (who / that) (which / that) I had been to school I bought.

The bike The doctor in New York. (which / that) (who / that) I loved was stolen. my grandmother liked lives INTERMEDIATE 1

Whose ‘ possessive. It can be used for people and things. Whose’ is always the subject of the relative clause and can’t be left out. It replaces a

The dog is over there. The dog’s / its owner lives next door. → The dog The little girl is sad. The little girl’s / her doll was lost. whose owner lives next door is over there. → The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.

Where / when / why I live in a city. I study in the city. We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions.

The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.

→ I live in the city → I live in the city → I live in the city wherthat / whichin which e I study. I study. I study in. → The bar in Barcelona → The bar in Barcelona there. → The bar in Barcelona where Iin which that / which met my wife is still there. I met my wife is still there. I met my wife in is still → The summer hot. → The summer long and hot. whenthat / which I graduated from university was long and I graduated from university in was → The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.^ INTERMEDIATE 1

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Unit 5 Arts and

Entertainment

The Passive: Indirect Form The passive can also be used in sentences that have object. two objects a direct object and an i ndirect Because many sentences with both a different ways written in two different ways: (with and without to or for) direct , the corresponding passive sentences can also be and an indirect object can be written in two

Important