¡Descarga Lexical verbs morphology y más Apuntes en PDF de Idioma Inglés solo en Docsity!
3.1 Note 3.2 96 Verbsandauxiliaries Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. 8 Svartvik, J. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman Fuli vers 97 Major verb classes The function ol the Y element in English dlause Structure, as outlined in 2.1324, is realized hy the VERB PHRASE, which consists of one or more verb constituents, eg: She fefi yesterday She won" leove tomorrow. Has she not defi yet? Did she lease yesterday? be leaving next week. Verbs, as a class of words, can be divided into Uhrec major categories, accorciog to thcir function within the verb plirase; we distinguish tbe open class of FULL vere (or lexical verbs) such as LEAVE (c/ 3.247) from the closed classes OÍ PRIMARY VERRS (BE, HAVE, and DO; cf 3.317) and of MODAL AUXILIARY VERES (will, múght, etc: ef 3.39). OÍ ihese three classes, verbs can actonly as main verbs (72.28), Uh modal auxiliaries can act oniy as auxiliary veros, and the primary verbs can act either as main verbs or as auxiliary verbs. iouoly sormed margina! modals. semistuxiligries, entenativo vorbs, ese) have ntesmesliste herweeataacof maja verbs and tnatof 20 Mary veros. (Vhese aro discussed 351) 1D) smaLL CaBITALS aro generaliy used in is chapter da citing a vecb as a lexic. (e/2 instead olas a gramatical fon, We will cite ¿ho modal ausiliaries. however. ja tulies, since 1 ds often more appropriate to segard can ind comi ¡for example) as javariable words, than a forms of se same lexical Meza (9) 4.494 wltere special uses of tc past mocal forms cose. might, would. and should ase discussed) Full verbs The morphology of regular verbs Verb forms and the verb phrase Regular full verbs, eg CALL, heve four morphological forins. Irregular full verbs vary in this respect; a verb like serAK has five, whereas CUT has only three forms (note, however, that the primary verb BE (23.32) has as many as eight forms). REGULAR VERES IRREGULAR VERBS (1) sas FORM callo ant spec cut vin (2) -sEORM iocalls aras sproks cuts a (5) -es6 PARTICIPLE salling —wansing | socaking cutting wiening (4) PASTFORM called — wanted poke cu won 15) -£D PARTICIPLE coiled — wanted spoken cut won These verb forms have different functions in finite and nonáinite verb Phrases (3.52). On this basis, the -s form and the past form are called FOxITE, whercas (hc ing participle and the -ed participle are called NONFINITE. The BASE forra (the form which has 50 inflection) is sometimes finito, and sometimes nonárite (ses below). la a (uite verb phiraso (he kind ol vet. phrase which normally vecurs lo sisaple sentences), only the firse vert word (in bold face below) is Ánite: Sho calls him every day. She ¿s calling hira now. She Aas called vwice today. and the subsequent verbs, if any. are nonfinite. In a nopfinite verb phresc, on the otier hand, ali verbs are noalinite; eg: Calling early, she found him at home. Called early. he ate a quick breakfast Having been called early, he felt slecpy all day Tho difference between finito and nonfnite phrases is discussed in prester úctail in 3.327. Here we confino our attention to the syntactic deplovment of the verb Forms of which verb phrases are composed: (1) The BASE FORM (eal/, speak, cut, etc) occuzs as (2) a PINTTE fora in: () the present tense in all persons and numbers except 31d person singular (which has the-s forma): I/youiwejthey call regularly. (cf 3.54, 43 Gi) the imperativo: Cal at once: (ef 3.54, 11.244) (1) the present subjunctive; They demanded that she call and see them. (ef3.59-61) Ttalso occurs as (9) 2 NONFINITE forma Ín: (1) the bare infinitive: Fe may coll tonight. (ii) the tovinfinitive: We want her 1o call. 1cf 3.53, 14.6ff) (2) The-=s FORM (calls, speaks, cuts, ctc) occurs as a TINTTE forn in: 3rd person singular present tensc: He/She calls every day. TE (3) The -1vc PARTICIPLE (calling. spenking, cutting, ttC) OCCUrA 28 2 NON fou (1) Une progressive aspect following BE: He's calling her now. (cf 4.258) (Gi) -ing participle clauses: Calling early, E found her ot home. (ef 3. 14.64) (4) The PAST FORM (called, spokce. cut, etc) occurs as a FINITE form in the past tense: Someone called yesterday. (ef 4.118) (5) The -£0 PARTICIPLE (called, spoker, cut, Cte) occurs 4s 4 NONFINITE form in: (£) the perfcctive aspect following HAVE: He has called twice today. (ef 4.18) the passive voice following BE: /ler brother is called John. (cf 3.6387) (lil) -ed participle clanses: Called early, he ate a quick breakfast. (7 3.53, SN As will become clearer when we discuss the structure of the verb phrase (3.5247), the nonfinite forms of the verh occur not onty in nonénite verb phrases, but elso in noninitial positions in fnite verb phrases Note Note 98 Verbs and auxiliaries iple ds sometimes Since 2hose terms yg parcicipleis sometimes callos tho "present participle”, xn: Ue «e parti caliod 1he “past participle cz, with transitivo verbs, Me z are potentiuly misicacirg, we prefer lo use terms wish are descrip form Note, huxewez, that tho ed pericipie owes lts name to the form this particinle texes ia segular verbs; some irregular verbs leg: sal ad some gramenarians for this reason have prefected 10) huve a mote distinctivo ending in e tersa en participle”. The morphology of regular full verbs Morphologically, ful verbs are considered under two heads: REGULAR verbs (such as CALL) and IRREGULAR verbs (such 45 DRI s). In boti types, the -s form and (he -ing perticiple form are almost invariably prediciuble from the base. Irregular verbs differ from. the regulas verbs, haweser, in [hat the past form and the -ed participle of arregular veros cannot be predicted by genecal rule from the base. Regular full verbs have only four different forms BASE call like try - ing PARTICIPLE calling liking tying $ FORM calis likes tries PASE FORM Or -ed PARTICIPLE called liked tried These verbs are called regular because if we know the base form (íe the dictionary entry form; 212.35) of such a verb, we can predict all its other Sorms by rule. This is a very poweríul generclization, since the vast majority of English verbs belong to the regular class. Farthermore, new verbs Uhat are coined ur borrowed trom other languages adopt this pattern; eg: verox — xeroxing — xeroxes = xeroxed. As the past form ard the -ed participle form are identical for all regular verbs, lt will be convenient to refer to them both as the -ed form, distinguishing where necessary herween the V-ed, (past sense) and V-ed, (-ed partic:ple) forms. 2 The pracess of assimilating forcign worés lo he regular patiera js more marked in verbs than in mouas, whece foreign plorels are oJten kept ia English, sometimos wit an alternative qutive coding (5.S2/7): omenna — error jartenoas. (M] Sarne archaic 21:d person opd rd person singular presentienso vorb far survive in very sestricted use: chietiy in traditional Titargicol lenguago. The Jr person forms with ¿hon es subject (ef 6.12 ote [e]) eud la west st, Jestj. ahoccas te even rases 3d person forers end in meti 067. fe8 (show) callest gieest hear (hejsho) calicih gitesh huaretá Contracted nenspllubic endings «sf and «1h occur wizh the primary verhs savz and 00: hast, ib: dost¿dast!, afec jad. (Similar Forras ist, sei ¡se! ocio wit ch verb sa, which also, however. hos tl: regular forms sures! ané saperi,) The primiuy vesb BE, here as elsewhere, is mistiy ireeguíar: lt has no sí or -"h forms, bar 18 bas the arcliaio 2nd person form ar and an mstogors past tensc Tora acerr: 2hcu arios. Otuer veros have ¿e)sí thos-forms' in the pas ids;, gavesa, cumest. etc. The spelling of the west forms of see and de is irregular: arast¿ AR the mo! suniliarios except those ending ja -1 have soe hartos mill ei, shall= shale, car — curst, may v masyst.veguid — woulisr, should -- shunstdss, conde — couldst, Tbo ¿ng participio mad ts => Fores “The ing form of both regular and irregular verbs is formed by aci tm lo the base: ing ng Note Full verbs 99 walk — walking. agree — agrecing push = pushing sing — singing pass > passiMg Weep o WEEpIng (On the speling of the sing participlo, y/ 3.747) The =s form of both regular end irregular verbs (somerimes spclled -es; ef 3.9) is also prodictable ftom the hase. It has lares pronunciatioos f1z/, /z/, and fs/, which occur under the following phonotogical conditions: (a) f12/ after bases cuding in voiced or voiceless sibilants; eg: Fable 3.5a 2455 -S FORM. BASE -5 FORM Pal pass Y passes [tal ¿Ey budge = budges ej buzz buzos miz, Hd push - pushes Lali careh o cotches Je! campiiage —— canmuñages — [392 For these cases, the
s foron are 573 [sel = says lsez), 20d derivitivas of DO, eg: auto ¡lus = autos fedazs: overdo d-desj orendees faz; Da the =s forma, sa is tuegularán pronuccition, bal mot in spelling. uamsar, tistorically a dorivetive a Sar, may have a regelar or an ieseguiar pronunciation in ts »s form: galnsays (serzj or pset. 35 la some vorieties of English (eg South African English and many variecios o? Amb) tas promnerutica ef the sellabic ending e the -s focm is Jo recher than jus. Similarly, the syliabie “2d form (eS 3.6) is psonouaced in su: varieties as /ad) rather than ¿:d! [e Acommontesperially nonstandard) proruaciation of rhe «ing lection js 1m;, conventos: Spcitdr seg: getila" P9ea0 16] The vero dighaning - Sighunings = lightning => digturingud is a sole exceptios: to the rule for forming tas -ieg parierple. Since "he base form o the verb alceady ends in an ing suffix, no further -Meg is mdd. 20 is Aghtningl"llghuringhag. The -mg participio ol ts vero is avolded probably becanse of the awkavardaess ol this irregalarity 39 Note 3.10 102 Verbsand auxilisries 1b] There is, on the othe: huane, Coubling in words such ys EQUIP Cr «quippimg — equipped) and ACQUET (> aetquitiing — e quitica), besarse Uh a hors coums us parto? the uorsomamta! socliing tner than as < vowel lc! Yhe lettez -x is novor doubied, since lt tepresents the 140 consenant sounds ¡Es: fx Áxing > fxedocse ¿dl Final silent consurrs arc not Coubled: croche? ¡es = crochestag — crocheted; = hasta — hurrabed [e] The rules gives here for doubling are in geue:a!fullowec also in the adcition of derivational sutlixes (App 1-32) beginning with a vowel El] The soeliings “caralogged «> *caralogging du x:o1 ocur lsee (8) above), since the Bel spellings Lor Amb CATALOG ore catalogue —= cataloguing - cataluyued. lg) A rarcexception to (e) above isare == arcík lag = arcflpud, for vehich to spe! is also possible. ik] The verb BENBRIT sunnetimes (esp in AmE) has forms with jevegular consonant doubling (benefiring — 'Benefitied alongside the regule henefitiag > benefited. moral jes without k Deletion of and addition of -e 1? the base ends in a mute (unpronaunced) before tie ing and -ed inficctions: this -e is regularly dropped create = creating created shave= sharing e shaved hake = baking — baked ippe = typing => 2yped Verbs with monosyllabic bases in -pe, -06, and -nge, pronounced ¡ndz/, are exceptions to this rule: they do not lose the -e before -ing, but they do lose ii before -ed: de dyeing —dyed hoe = hocing = hoed singe = stageing = singed Mage — tingeing = tinged Impingisg and infríngine, on the other hand, are regular. The final -e is also lost belors -ed by veras ending in «ie or -ee: tie — tied, die = died, agree = agreed Before the =s ending, on the other hand, an -e is added in (he following cases: (2) After tbs following letters, representing sibilart consonants: =5 pass passes — =ch marcho watches = husz= huzzes — =sh wash washes -% 0nax == conxes (b) after -u in GO (goes), DO (does ¡dazf), ECHO (—echoes), VETO (= veroes) Compare the spelling of regular =s pluzals (ef 5,81). al The tossoF-einage — ag/e,ingisonticaal in] Where -eh represents a consonaot utier iban dae sii stonanchs. tant or africate 13, tie e =$ omite Treatment of -y En bases ending in a consonant followed by -y, the following changes táke place: Note 311 Note Full verbs (e) 3 changes to «le- before =>. carry caries, iry = tries (b) -y changes toi hefore «ed: carr: = carried, iny = tried milarly dry, deny. fancy, cto. The -y- remains, however, where it follows a vowel letter: alioy - allays, em. or where 11 precedes -íng: carry — COTTÍÍRg, S1OY = SIGGIAZ, etc. Two exceptions to these rules are: pay — pañi, amd lay — laid, ia wkich the y changes to [after -e-. (On a third exception, sy > said, 73.15.) A difíerent spelling change occurs in verbs whose bases end Ja -le: DIE, LIE, TIL, ViE, Ta those cases, the «¿e changes to -p- before -mg is added: die — dying, lie — lying, tie = 1ying. vie = aping. 1ay > siayed, fa] Ir verbs whose bases cad in « vowel olter then -y or mute e. the adcitica of infeccion involves mo further change of spcking: bu = huas = having — bora. ski el. (b] u:1 552 roguiar vesb da the sense "tell antruths":on ¡he irregular veto die faz > aña, ef 5.16. le Lake par und Lay enc their derivativos REPAY [> regis), vista Y [o misiaid, WAYLAY £> wayleid), oro nétar (> relató), There is another verb 'RsLAY, however. which is derived froarshe nose relay anc which has the regulaiy spezt med form reta; but The news wus relayud jar and wido. bis — sking m she, ul: titus The fluor was rebela, The morphology ef irregular full verbs Tereguiar full verbs are lixe regular verbs in that their -s foros and their ing Toris are predictable from the base (ef 3.21). But they Cifler from regular verbs ia that cithcr the past inflection, or the -ed participle infleclion, or both of these, are irregular. Mare precisely the major differences are: [a) Irregular verbs either do not have the regular -ed inficction, or else have a variant o! that infiection in which the /d/ is devoiced to ¡ty (eg: burn — burn, which occurs alongside the reguiar burned). Irregular verbs typically, bus not invariably, have variatior: in theiz bese vowel. The explanation of this phenomeron, called GRADATION or ABLAUT, is historical, and itis characteristic of Indo-European languages in general: choose = chose — chosen, write — wrote — wruien. Irregular verbs have a varying number of distinct formas. Since the «s form and the -mg form are predictable for regular and irregular verbs alike, the only forms that need be listed for irregular verbs are the base forma (V), the past (V-2d,), and the -edl participle (V-ed.). These are traditionally known as the PRINCIPAL PARTS of the verb. Most irregular verbs have, like regular verbs, only one common form for the past and the -ed participe; bur there is considerable variation in this respect, as Lie table shows: G z le: v Ved, Veda all three forms alike cut cut cut Veéd, = Veda: meet mer met V =Ved;: beat hear beaten V= Veda: come came come all three forms different speak spoke spoken Ware inregulas verbs Euve regular inficctions (as is noraal ia the the socks rules for segular verhs (g/ 3.7 10) sar dng forms), they follow 3.12 102 Verbsand auxiliaries Irregular verh classes The 250 or so irregular English verbs van be classiñcd on the basis of criteria derived from the above similarities and differences, Since itis impractical to account for both pronunciation aúd spelling together, onJy pronunciation will be considered in setting up classes ol irregular verbs, and for that matter in deciding whether a verb is jeregular or not. The eritersa of classification to be used are the following: (e) Suffization ia V-ed, ancjor V-ed,, including not onty the alveolar sufíixes -edi-tasin dreamed/dream, but also, for V-edy, nasal sufixes asin shaken, iorn. (0) Veed identity: le Weed, =Veedy, as in mes = met. (c) Vowel idenfity, ¡e the various prncipal parts show no difference of hase vowel Table 3.12 shows how these three eriterja divide irregular full verbs into seven classes: Tabie2.42. Irregular verb classes compl eLass Vet wo | Eample a mentiry mE y ved, 1 - : ¿buno burediburni — burnedíbiarns 2 + Usas sed sacedfsa 3 bring rough broughe 2 + - - break — broke broken ES + + aa cua 6 + - sirike — sorack seructe 7 |- - - suis sra acom lass 1 has three pluses, which indicate (hut a verb ke bn is very close toa regular verá. Tbe only irregularity is thal each verb has, or at least allows as a variant, 3 V-ed form with an irreguiar final consonant or consorant cluster; eg: burned has an irregular varient burnt ¡-nij with a voiceless suffix aftera voiced sound (e/3.8) Class 2 has a past suffix dn ed and two allernalive -ed participle suffixes. one alveolar (sewed) and the other nasal (saw). All verbs have vowel identity. although some verbs also have alternative Zorms with vowel gradatior. Class 3 has no vowel identity; eg: bring — brought, Many of the verbs in Classcs 1 and 3 manifest some differences between BrE and AmE. For instance, in a subelass of Class | which will be distinguished as Cíass lA, AmE shows a stronger preference thar BrE for the regular ¡d/ variants of burnediburns. etc. Rut the Freguency of each form varies [rom verb lo verb, And there js no one-to-one correspondence between a spelling in -1 and a protunciation in ft/. Class 3 shows a similar pattern of preference for variant -ed forms such as dreamedidreana ¡drima;, ¡¿remtj Class 4 has three different principal paris, usually with a nasal Voed, sullix (break = brake — broken), Note AS o Full verbs 105 Class $ has the same form for all principal parts (cur = cut et) Class 6 has identity berween V-0d, and Va a chango of the base vowel (strike > strmek « siruclo. has no sullix, but does have Class 7 is Ue most irregulas major class of Tull verbs: Veed, nd V-eda are different; there is no suftix, but there js change of the e vowel (sim siwamm > sw). Particularly irregular is the exceptional verb go = gone, which has an entirely unconnected V-ed, form, went. The substitution ofa different forma in this way is termed SUPPLETION (cf. was fwere as (he Past forms of BE. 3.32). vent Although we will not further define (he difícrence among tha verbs uf each class, for annemonic reasons the verbs in the lists below will be giouped into subelasses ás (A). (B), (C), etc. Parentheses, for example (dwclled)' are used for less common forms, and decidedly uncommon verbs or verb formas are marxed " burnediburnt) and there is vowel identity in ail parts (build — built — build). y Ved COMMENTS ? ¡bi 3 JA A are (RO) y LS dwel Sel eee) (Ry earn eamed (RJ (ef Note[>)) cara bora learned (R) Adi: learredis8 Escholas 7 smelt e ellos RO) ¿spelt a z al q) Y AO SSP 108 Verbs and auxiliaries Y Wed COMMENTS. mean Mean je slesp sleni Alsy OVERSELE? Swe0p awept ves0p Opt doo de f esougha VeRaresi , esccci Et, A cRarez investicted uso boscccn A oesecched (Ry ! ? bring broug buy Jalj bout catoh caught seek suit teach taaeht think 1hoaght Alsa RETHISE 30 ju e lose lost 3D: e! del sell solo ted told Also FORETELL, RETELL TE] par hear heard Also MISIZAR 3F: jes del say salé But-s form: says ¡ej On Gatssar. 073.5 Note la]. Class 4 Characteristics: V-ed, and V-ed, difíer and, in prectically all cases, the laticr has a nasal sufiix (Break — broke — broken). There is no base vowel identity. There is a rango of base vowel chunges and the verbs have becn ordered according 1o vowel patterning. v Vd, Veda COMMENTS 4A: V-ed, and V-ed, have the same vow £Aa: Verd = jon) break fe broke broken Ad): Tmórake" without money] choose jus! — chose chosen Tuvere hol froze frozen Also UNFREEZE, DEEPFREE7E (also R) speak spuke spoken steal stale stolen Fullverbs v Weed Veed: COMMENTS tajwaketr) (ajwoke lalwoken ef R (ajieanen, But thore issome tendency to produce Blende 07 ¿he [ wovo [waves METE caro (RO A weaved(R) SAD: ji jad bear bore borre “She luis borne six chiidren (but: “She was hor in 195% IRBEAR.. OVERBRAR SWwcar Sora Sor Aso FORSWEAR tear tore tora veas wore viorn dAcijaj — he bite bit bitton Vocda sometimes = bit . chidden e ¿hide ¿rare el » ls chida ide rare: chid Y chid ? Also R chided acen hide 1 La hid a 2Adifel fol Forget forgot forgotten Sometimes ¿esp AmE) V-cd, = forgot; also BRORT, wit begort as an 
