Docsity
Docsity

Prepara tus exámenes
Prepara tus exámenes

Prepara tus exámenes y mejora tus resultados gracias a la gran cantidad de recursos disponibles en Docsity


Consigue puntos base para descargar
Consigue puntos base para descargar

Gana puntos ayudando a otros estudiantes o consíguelos activando un Plan Premium


Orientación Universidad
Orientación Universidad


Manual GM, Apuntes de Psicología

Asignatura: desarrollo adolescencia, adultez y vejez, Profesor: Pilar Ramos, Carrera: Psicología, Universidad: US

Tipo: Apuntes

2014/2015

Subido el 17/10/2015

maaariaemece
maaariaemece 🇪🇸

3.2

(10)

4 documentos

1 / 104

Toggle sidebar

Esta página no es visible en la vista previa

¡No te pierdas las partes importantes!

bg1
(OGHVDUUROORPiVDOOiGHODLQIDQFLD3UiFWLFDVGH3VLFRORJtD(YROXWLYD,,
3
3
3
5
5
5
È
È
È
&
&
&
7
7
7
,
,
,
&
&
&
$
$
$
/
/
/
$
$
$
$
$
$
'
'
'
2
2
2
/
/
/
(
(
(
6
6
6
&
&
&
(
(
(
1
1
1
&
&
&
,
,
,
$
$
$
&
&
&
2
2
2
0
0
0
2
2
2
7
7
7
5
5
5
$
$
$
1
1
1
6
6
6
,
,
,
&
&
&
,
,
,
Ï
Ï
Ï
1
1
1
(
(
(
9
9
9
2
2
2
/
/
/
8
8
8
7
7
7
,
,
,
9
9
9
$
$
$
0
0
0
D
D
D
U
U
U
F
F
F
R
R
R
W
W
W
H
H
H
y
y
y
U
U
U
L
L
L
F
F
F
R
R
R
(Q HVWH DSDUWDGR YDPRV D SUHVHQWDU XQ EUHYH PDUFR WHyULFR TXH
VHUYLUi SDUD LQWURGXFLU ORV FRQWHQLGRV D WUDWDU HQ OD SULPHUD SUiFWLFD
&RPHQ]DUHPRV SUHVHQWDQGR DOJXQDV LGHDV VREUH OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH OD
DGROHVFHQFLD HQ OD ILORVRItD \ OD OLWHUDWXUD SDUD SDVDU SRVWHULRUPHQWH D
GHVFULELU GH IRUPD PX\ UHVXPLGD ORV SULQFLSDOHV FDPELRV TXH WLHQHQOXJDU
GXUDQWHODSXEHUWDG\TXHVXSRQHQHOLQLFLRGHODDGROHVFHQFLD
/DDGROHVFHQFLD HQODILORVRItD\ODOLWHUDWXUD
5HIHUHQFLDV D OD DGROHVFHQFLD DSDUHFHQ GHVGH PX\ SURQWR HQ OD
ILORVRItD\HQ ODOLWHUDWXUD<DHQOD
2GLVHD GH+RPHURRHQORV'LiORJRV GH
3ODWyQ HQFRQWUDPRV DOXVLRQHV D OD HWDSD GH OD YLGD TXH VH VLW~D HQWUH OD
LQIDQFLD \ OD DGXOWH] 3HUR TXL]i VHD HQ OD REUD GH $ULVWyWHOHV GRQGH
HQFRQWUHPRVODVSULPHUDVUHIOH[LRQHVDFHUFDGHOSHULRGRGHODYLGDKXPDQD
TXHGHQRPLQDMRYHQ DGXOWH] \ TXHVHH[WLHQGHGHVGHOD SXEHUWDG DORV
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e
pf1f
pf20
pf21
pf22
pf23
pf24
pf25
pf26
pf27
pf28
pf29
pf2a
pf2b
pf2c
pf2d
pf2e
pf2f
pf30
pf31
pf32
pf33
pf34
pf35
pf36
pf37
pf38
pf39
pf3a
pf3b
pf3c
pf3d
pf3e
pf3f
pf40
pf41
pf42
pf43
pf44
pf45
pf46
pf47
pf48
pf49
pf4a
pf4b
pf4c
pf4d
pf4e
pf4f
pf50
pf51
pf52
pf53
pf54
pf55
pf56
pf57
pf58
pf59
pf5a
pf5b
pf5c
pf5d
pf5e
pf5f
pf60
pf61
pf62
pf63
pf64

Vista previa parcial del texto

¡Descarga Manual GM y más Apuntes en PDF de Psicología solo en Docsity!

È

È

È

Ï

Ï 1

D

D

D

U

U

U

F

F

F

R

R

R

W

W

W

H

H

H

y

y

y

U

U

U

L

L

L

F

F

F

R

R

R

(Q HVWH DSDUWDGR YDPRV D SUHVHQWDU XQ EUHYH PDUFR WHyULFR TXH

VHUYLUi SDUD LQWURGXFLU ORV FRQWHQLGRV D WUDWDU HQ OD SULPHUD SUiFWLFD

&RPHQ]DUHPRV SUHVHQWDQGR DOJXQDV LGHDV VREUH OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH OD

DGROHVFHQFLD HQ OD ILORVRItD \ OD OLWHUDWXUD SDUD SDVDU SRVWHULRUPHQWH D

GHVFULELU GH IRUPD PX\ UHVXPLGD ORV SULQFLSDOHV FDPELRV TXH WLHQHQ OXJDU

GXUDQWHODSXEHUWDG\TXHVXSRQHQHOLQLFLRGHODDGROHVFHQFLD

/DDGROHVFHQFLD HQODILORVRItD\ODOLWHUDWXUD

5HIHUHQFLDV D OD DGROHVFHQFLD DSDUHFHQ GHVGH PX\ SURQWR HQ OD

ILORVRItD\HQODOLWHUDWXUD<DHQOD2GLVHD GH+RPHURRHQORV'LiORJRV GH

3ODWyQ HQFRQWUDPRV DOXVLRQHV D OD HWDSD GH OD YLGD TXH VH VLW~D HQWUH OD

LQIDQFLD \ OD DGXOWH] 3HUR TXL]i VHD HQ OD REUD GH $ULVWyWHOHV GRQGH

HQFRQWUHPRVODVSULPHUDVUHIOH[LRQHVDFHUFDGHOSHULRGRGHODYLGDKXPDQD

TXH GHQRPLQD MRYHQ DGXOWH] \ TXH VH H[WLHQGH GHVGH OD SXEHUWDG D ORV 

DxRV (Q HVWDV SULPHUDV UHIOH[LRQHV VREUHVDOHQ FODUDPHQWH ORV DVSHFWRV

PiVQHJDWLYRVGHHVWHPRPHQWRHYROXWLYR

'XUDQWHOD(GDG0HGLDODFRQVLGHUDFLyQGHODDGROHVFHQFLDRMXYHQWXG

FRPR SHULRGR GLIHUHQFLDGR GHVDSDUHFLy \ KDEUi TXH HVSHUDUKDVWDHOVLJOR

;9,,, SDUD TXH 5RXVVHDX KDJD XQD GHVFULSFLyQ H[KDXVWLYD GH ODV

FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHORVDxRVFRPSUHQGLGRVHQWUHODLQIDQFLD\ODDGXOWH]3DUD

pO OD DGROHVFHQFLD HV XQ SHULRGR GH WUDQVLFLyQ \ GH FULVLV XQ SHULRGR GH

SUXHED\GHHVSHUDTXHGHEHSUHFHGHUDODDGXOWH]\TXHFRQYLHUWHDOQLxR

HQ XQ VHU UHEHOGH \ GLItFLO GH FRQWURODU 1R REVWDQWH 5RXVVHDX WDPELpQ

GHVWDFDDVSHFWRVSRVLWLYRVGHODDGROHVFHQFLD$VSHFWRVFRPRODDSDULFLyQ

GHODHPSDWtDTXHOOHYDDOMRYHQDPRVWUDUVHPiVJHQHURVRKDFLDORVGHPiV

RTXHKDUiEURWDUVXSUHRFXSDFLyQ\WHUQXUDKDFLDORVRWURV

7DPELpQHQODOLWHUDWXUDDSDUHFHQGHVGHPX\SURQWRUHIHUHQFLDVDOD

DGROHVFHQFLD \ D OD MXYHQWXG (QWUH ODV LPiJHQHV PiV FRQRFLGDV GH OD

DGROHVFHQFLD DSDUHFHQ ODV UHFRJLGDV SRU DXWRUHV FRPR 6KDNHVSHDUH R

&KDXFHU SHUR VLQ GXGDIXH HO 5RPDQWLFLVPR HVSHFLDOPHQWH HOPRYLPLHQWR

OLWHUDULR DOHPiQ VWXUP XQG GUDQJ WRUPHQWD \ GUDPD  FRQ DXWRUHV FRPR

6FKLOOHU   \ *RHWKH   HO TXH FRQWULEX\y GH IRUPD

GHILQLWLYD D DILDQ]DU XQDLGHD GHOD MXYHQWXG PDUFDGD SRU OD H[DOWDFLyQ \ OD

UHEHOLyQ 'H KHFKR HVWD HWLTXHWD GH WRUPHQWD \ GUDPD KD SDVDGR D

FRQVWLWXLU HO Q~FOHR GH OD YLVLyQ PiV GLIXQGLGD GH OD DGROHVFHQFLD SUHVHQWH

KDVWDODDFWXDOLGDG

$ORODUJRGHOVLJOR;;KD\XQDLQQXPHUDEOHOLVWDGHDXWRUHV\REUDV

SXEOLFDGDV TXH QRV PXHVWUDQ DGROHVFHQWHV GHVGH GLIHUHQWHV SHUVSHFWLYDV

(QWUHORVDXWRUHVWLHQHHVSHFLDOWUDVFHQGHQFLD-'6DOLQJHUTXHHQVXREUD

(O JXDUGLiQ HQWUH HO FHQWHQR

SXEOLFDGD HQUHFRQVWUX\HHOPXQGRGHO

DGROHVFHQWH\VXGLItFLODGDSWDFLyQDODVRFLHGDG/DYLJHQFLDDFWXDOGHHVWD

QRYHODPiVGHPHGLRVLJORGHVSXpVGHVXSXEOLFDFLyQVHGHEHHQWUHRWURVD

OD IRUPD GH H[SUHVDUVH GHO SURWDJRQLVWD 8QD IRUPD GH H[SUHVLyQ TXH VH

DVHPHMD D OD GH PLOHV GH MyYHQHV TXH HQ ODV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV WDQWR HQ OD

FRQYHUVDFLyQFRPRHQODOHWUDGHVXVFDQFLRQHVKDQKHFKRVX\RHVHPRGR

FDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHH[KLELUVXVPDQtDV\VXVGHELOLGDGHVVLQWLHQGRSHQD\DVFR

VH[XDOHV WHVWRVWHURQD HVWUyJHQRV \ SURJHVWHURQD  ODV UHVSRQVDEOHV

ELROyJLFDVGHORVFDPELRVTXHWUDQVIRUPDUiQHOFXHUSRLQIDQWLO

$XQTXH H[LVWH XQD JUDQ YDULDELOLGDG LQGLYLGXDO UHVSHFWR DO GHVDUUROOR

SXEHUDO OD VHFXHQFLD GH ORV FDPELRV Vt HV EDVWDQWHSUHYLVLEOH (Q ORV

YDURQHVHOSULPHUDFRQWHFLPLHQWRItVLFRREVHUYDEOHHVHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHORV

WHVWtFXORV $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ DSDUHFH HO YHOOR S~ELFR HO SHQH DXPHQWD VX

WDPDxR \ VH SURGXFH HO FDPELR GH OD YR] 7LHQHQ OXJDU ODV SULPHUDV

H\DFXODFLRQHVDYHFHVHQIRUPDGHSROXFLRQHVQRFWXUQDV\HODGROHVFHQWH

FUHFH GH XQD IRUPD PX\ UiSLGD WDQWR HQ DOWXUD FRPR HQ PDVD PXVFXODU

DGTXLULHQGRXQDVSHFWRPX\SDUHFLGRDODGXOWR(QODVFKLFDVHOFUHFLPLHQWR

GHO SHFKR HO UHGRQGHR GH ODV FDGHUDV OD DSDULFLyQ GHO YHOOR S~ELFR \ HO

DXPHQWR HQ HVWDWXUD VRQ IHQyPHQRV DSUHFLDEOHV GXUDQWH HO GHVDUUROOR

SXEHUDO3RVWHULRUPHQWHFUHFHQORVyUJDQRVVH[XDOHVDSDUHFHYHOORHQRWUDV

SDUWHV GHO FXHUSR \ FRQWLQ~D VX PDGXUDFLyQ D WUDYpV GHO DXPHQWR GH OD

JUDVDFRUSRUDO/DPHQDUTXtDVHUiXQRGHORV~OWLPRVHYHQWRVGHOSURFHVR\

DXQTXH HVWH PRPHQWR VXSRQH HO LQLFLR GH OD PDGXUH] VH[XDO DOJXQRV

HVWXGLRV SDUHFHQ LQGLFDU TXH QR HQ WRGRV ORV SULPHURV FLFORV H[LVWH

RYXODFLyQ SRU OR TXH OD IHUWLOLGDG QR VHUi DXWRPiWLFD GHVGH OD SULPHUD

PHQVWUXDFLyQ

(O LQLFLR GH OD SXEHUWDG HVWi FODUDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGR FRQ DVSHFWRV

ItVLFRV SUXHED GH HOOR HV HO DGHODQWDPLHQWR HQ OD HGDG GH LQLFLR GH OD

SXEHUWDG DO TXH HVWDPRV DVLVWLHQGR HQ ODV VRFLHGDGHV RFFLGHQWDOHV FRPR

FRQVHFXHQFLD GH ODV PHMRUDV HQ OD KLJLHQH \ OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ 7HQGHQFLD

6HFXODU GHO &UHFLPLHQWR  6LQ HPEDUJR ODV UHODFLRQHV VRFLDOHV WDPELpQ

SDUHFHQ MXJDU XQ SDSHO LPSRUWDQWH \ IDFWRUHV FRPR HO HVWUpV HQ ODV

UHODFLRQHV IDPLOLDUHV SXHGHQ SURYRFDU XQ DGHODQWDPLHQWR HQ OD HGDG GHO

GHVDUUROOR HQ ODV QLxDV (Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR XQD GH ODV SULQFLSDOHV

LPSOLFDFLRQHVGHTXHQLxRV\QLxDVVHFRQYLHUWDQDQWHVHQDGXOWRVDOPHQRV

ItVLFDPHQWH KDEODQGR HV TXH WDPELpQ DOFDQ]DQ DQWHV OD PDGXUH] VH[XDO

SXGLHQGRHVWDUDYHFHVSRFRSUHSDUDGRVHPRFLRQDOPHQWHSDUDHOOR

/DSXEHUWDGQRVyORFRQOOHYDWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVItVLFDVVLQRTXHWLHQH

WDPELpQUHSHUFXVLRQHVDQLYHOSVLFROyJLFRHQFKLFDV\FKLFRVLQIOX\HQGRHQ

VX DMXVWH \ ELHQHVWDU /RV HIHFWRV SVLFROyJLFRV GH OD SXEHUWDG VRQ WDQWR

GLUHFWRV FRPR LQGLUHFWRV /RV SULPHURV VRQ ORV SURYRFDGRV SRU OD DFWLYLGDG

KRUPRQDO\VHWUDGXFHQHQXQDXPHQWRGHOGHVHRVH[XDOGHODDJUHVLYLGDG

GHODLQHVWDELOLGDGHPRFLRQDORGHODLUULWDELOLGDG6LQHPEDUJRODPD\RUtDGH

ORV HIHFWRV VRQ LQGLUHFWRV \ HVWiQ PHGLDGRV SRU IDFWRUHV VRFLDOHV \

SVLFROyJLFRVFRPRODUHDFFLyQGHORVSURJHQLWRUHVDORVFDPELRVItVLFRVRHO

PRPHQWRHQTXHGLFKRVFDPELRVRFXUUHQ

$XQTXH HQ JHQHUDO HO FDPELR FRUSRUDO \ HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD IXQFLyQ

UHSURGXFWRUD SURYRFDQ HQ XQ SULPHU PRPHQWR VHQWLPLHQWRV GH DQVLHGDG

FRQIXVLyQ\YHUJHQ]DWDQWRHQFKLFRVFRPRHQFKLFDV HOODVSDUHFHQYHUVH

PiV DIHFWDGDV QHJDWLYDPHQWH SRU OD OOHJDGD GH OD SXEHUWDG /DV FKLFDV

PXHVWUDQ PiV LUULWDELOLGDG HVWDGRV GHSUHVLYRV \ HQ JHQHUDO HVWiQ PiV

GHVFRQWHQWDV FRQ VX DVSHFWR ItVLFR 3UREDEOHPHQWH HVWR VHD GHELGR HQWUH

RWURV IDFWRUHV D TXH OD PDGXUH] IHPHQLQD LPSOLFD DFXPXODU JUDVD HQ

GHWHUPLQDGDVSDUWHVGHOFXHUSR\HVWRQRHVWiHQVLQWRQtDFRQORVDFWXDOHV

FiQRQHV GH EHOOH]D IHPHQLQD /RV FKLFRV SRU HO FRQWUDULR SDUHFHQ

EHQHILFLDUVHPiVGHODSXEHUWDGPRVWUDQGRXQPHMRUHVWDGRGHiQLPR\XQ

PHMRU DXWRFRQFHSWR (Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR XQ IDFWRU TXH SDUHFH IDFLOLWDU HO

DMXVWH SVLFROyJLFR GH XQRV \ RWUDV D  ORV FDPELRV ItVLFRV HV OD HGXFDFLyQ

VH[XDODGHFXDGD\DTXHORVVHQWLPLHQWRVQHJDWLYRVGLVPLQX\HQFXDQGRVH

VLHQWHQSUHSDUDGRV\VDEHQUHDOPHQWHORTXHOHVYDDRFXUULU\SRUTXp

(O7LPLQJSXEHUDO KDFHUHIHUHQFLDDOPRPHQWRHQHOTXHHOFKLFRROD

FKLFD H[SHULPHQWDORVFDPELRVSXEHUDOHVHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQVXJUXSRGH

UHIHUHQFLDHQRWUDVSDODEUDVVLODPDGXUDFLyQVH[XDOVHSURGXFHGHIRUPD

WHPSUDQD WDUGtD R HQ FRQVRQDQFLD FRQ OD PDGXUH] GH FRPSDxHURV \

FRPSDxHUDV 7UDGLFLRQDOPHQWH OD OLWHUDWXUD KD PDQLIHVWDGR EDVWDQWH

DFXHUGRDODILUPDUTXHPLHQWUDVTXHSDUDORVFKLFRVHODOFDQ]DUODPDGXUH]

ItVLFD DQWHV TXH VXV FRPSDxHURV FRQOOHYD HIHFWRV EHQHILFLRVRV SDUD ODV

FKLFDV HO UHVXOWDGR HV LQYHUVR SUHVHQWDQGR DTXHOODV TXH PDGXUDQ

WHPSUDQDPHQWH SHRU DXWRHVWLPD PiV WUDVWRUQRV GH OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ

VHQWLPLHQWRV GHSUHVLYRV \ PD\RU LQFLGHQFLD GH FRQGXFWD DQWLVRFLDO +R\ HQ

GtDQRVHWLHQHWDQFODURTXHODPDGXUDFLyQWHPSUDQDVHDYHQWDMRVDSDUDORV

E

E

E

M

M

M

H

H

H

W

W

W

L

L

L

Y

Y

Y

R

R

R

V

V

V

 $QDOL]DUODLPDJHQTXHDSDUHFHHQODILORVRItD\ODOLWHUDWXUDDFHUFDGHOD

DGROHVFHQFLD

 3URIXQGL]DU HQ ORV FDPELRV ItVLFRV TXH WLHQHQ OXJDU HQ FKLFRV \ FKLFDV

GXUDQWHODSXEHUWDG

F

F

F

W

W

W

L

L

L

Y

Y

Y

L

L

L

G

G

G

D

D

D

G

G

G

H

H

H

V

V

V

/DVDFWLYLGDGHVGHHVWDSULPHUDSUiFWLFDYDQDHVWDUGLYLGLGDVHQGRV

EORTXHVFRLQFLGLHQGRFRQORVSULQFLSDOHVREMHWLYRVGHODVHVLyQ(QHOSULPHUR

GH HOORV SODQWHDUHPRV DOJXQDV FXHVWLRQHV VREUH OD LPDJHQ GH OD

DGROHVFHQFLD HQ OD ILORVRItD \ ODOLWHUDWXUD(QHOVHJXQGRWHSHGLUHPRVTXH

UHVSRQGDVDXQDVHULHGHSUHJXQWDVVREUHORVFDPELRVSXEHUDOHVEDViQGRWH

HQXQYtGHRTXHSUHVHQWDUHPRVHQFODVH

/DDGROHVFHQFLDHQODILORVRItD\ODOLWHUDWXUD

/HH DWHQWDPHQWH ORV WH[WRV TXH DSDUHFHQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ HOORV WH

SHUPLWLUiQUHVSRQGHUDFXHVWLRQHVGHODDFWLYLGDG

³(OKRPEUHTXHYLYHVHJ~QVXVSDVLRQHVQRSXHGHDSHQDVHVFXFKDU

QL FRPSUHQGHU ORV UD]RQDPLHQWRV TXH SUHWHQGHQ DSDUWDUOH GH HOODV

¢&yPRYDDVHUSRVLEOHFDPELDUODVGLVSRVLFLRQHVGHXQKRPEUHDVt"

'HXQDPDQHUDJHQpULFDHOVHQWLPLHQWRQRFHGHDODUD]yQVLQRDOD

FRDFFLyQ (V QHFHVDULR SXHV GLVSRQHU GHVGH HO FRPLHQ]R GH XQ

FDUiFWHUSUHGLVSXHVWRGHDOJXQDPDQHUDDODYLUWXGDPDQGRORTXHHV

EHOOR\RGLDQGRORTXHHVYHUJRQ]RVRSRUHVRHVGLItFLOUHFLELUGHVGH

OD MXYHQWXG XQD VDQD HGXFDFLyQ TXH LQFLWH D OD YLUWXG VL XQRQRKD

VLGR QXWULGR EDMR HVWDV PLVPDV OH\HV SXHV OD PXOWLWXG \

SULQFLSDOPHQWH ORV MyYHQHV QR KDOODQ QLQJ~Q DJUDGR HQ YLYLU FRQ

VREULHGDG \ ILUPH]D 3RU HVR ODV OH\HV GHEHQ ILMDU ODV UHJODV GH OD

HGXFDFLyQ \ ODV RFXSDFLRQHV TXH VHUiQ FRQ PD\RU IDFLOLGDG

VRSRUWDGDVDOYHQLUDVHUKDELWXDOHV´

$ULVWyWHOHVeWLFDQLFRPDTXHD/LEUR;&DStWXOR,;E 

³&RPR HO EUDPDU GHO PDU SUHFHGH GH OHMRV D OD WHPSHVWDG HVWD

WHPSHVWXRVD UHYROXFLyQ VH DQXQFLD SRU HO PXUPXOOR GH ODV SDVLRQHV

QDFLHQWHV XQD VRUGD IHUPHQWDFLyQ DGYLHUWH GH OD DSUR[LPDFLyQ GHO

SHOLJUR 8Q FDPELR HQ HO KXPRU IUHFXHQWHV DUUHEDWRV XQD FRQWLQXD

DJLWDFLyQ GHO HVStULWX KDFHQ FDVL LQGLVFLSOLQDEOH DO QLxR eO GHYLHQH

VRUGRDODYR]TXHOHKDFtDWDQGyFLOHVXQOHyQHQFHORGHVFRQRFH

VX JXtD QR TXLHUH \D VHU JREHUQDGR $ ORV VLJQRV PRUDOHV GH XQ

KXPRUTXHVHDOWHUDVHMXQWDQFDPELRVVHQVLEOHVHQVXILJXUDQRHV

QLQLxRQLKRPEUH´

5RXVVHDXSDJ 

³\KDEODUpGHSHOHDV

FRPRXQEXHQJDOiQIDQIDUUyQ\FRQWDUpPHQWLUDVH[WUDxDV

GHFRPRPHKDQSUHWHQGLGRPLDPRUQREOHVGDPDV

TXHDQWHPLQHJDWLYDHQIHUPDURQ\PXULHURQ´

6KDNHVSHDUH(O0HUFDGHUGH9HQHFLD$FWVF 

³0HMRUIXHUDTXHQRKXELHVHHGDGHQWUHORV\ORVDxRVRTXHOD

MXYHQWXGVHDOHWDUJDUD´VHTXHMD³SRUTXHQRKD\RWUDFRVDHQHOODTXH

FDUJDU D ODV PR]DV FRQ QLxRV SHUMXGLFDU ODV FRVWXPEUHV UREDU

SHOHDU´

6KDNHVSHDUH8QFXHQWRGHLQYLHUQR$FWR,,,HVFHQD 

GHFLU HVRV PRPHQWRV HQ TXH ORV D~Q PR]RV SURSHQGHQ D FRPHWHU

DFWRV LUUHIOH[LYRV WDOHV FRPR HO PDWULPRQLR LPSURYLVDGR R HO

DEDQGRQRGHXQHPSOHRVLQUD]yQDOJXQDSDUDHOOR´

-RVHSK&RQUDGSDJ 

³/D LQGLYLGXDFLyQ DGROHVFHQWH YD DFRPSDxDGD GH VHQVDFLRQHV GH

DLVODPLHQWR VROHGDG \ FRQIXVLyQ   /D WRPD GH FRQFLHQFLD GH OD

LUUHYRFDELOLGDG GHO ILQDO GH OD LQIDQFLDGHODQDWXUDOH]DYLQFXODQWHGH

ORVFRPSURPLVRVGHODVOLPLWDFLRQHVGHILQLWLYDVGHODSURSLDH[LVWHQFLD

GHOLQGLYLGXRHVWDWRPDGHFRQFLHQFLDFUHDXQVHQWLGRGHXUJHQFLD

PLHGR\SiQLFR´

%ORVS 

 5HIOH[LRQD VREUH OD YLVLyQ GH OD DGROHVFHQFLD TXH DSRUWDQ ODV

FLWDVDQWHULRUHV'HVWDFDORVDVSHFWRVSRVLWLYRV\QHJDWLYRVTXHVHJ~QHOODV

WLHQHQORVFKLFRV\FKLFDVDGROHVFHQWHV

 ¢3LHQVDV TXH HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG OD SHUFHSFLyQ VREUH OD

DGROHVFHQFLD KD FDPELDGR R SRU HO FRQWUDULR H[LVWHQ HQ HO FRQMXQWR GH OD

VRFLHGDGLGHDVSDUHFLGDV"

&XHVWLRQHVVREUHORVYtGHRV³+LVWRULDVGHOFXHUSRKXPDQR´

 'HVFULEH EUHYHPHQWH OD VHFXHQFLD GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV FDPELRV

ItVLFRV TXH RFXUUHQ HQ FKLFRV \ FKLFDV GXUDQWH OD SXEHUWDG )tMDWH HQ ODV

GLIHUHQFLDVH[LVWHQWHVHQHOGHVDUUROORGHODSXEHUWDGIHPHQLQD\PDVFXOLQD

 ¢4XpUHSHUFXVLRQHVDGHPiVGHODVHVWULFWDPHQWHItVLFDVWLHQH

HOFDPELRKRUPRQDOSDUDORV\ODVDGROHVFHQWHV"

 'HVWDFD ORV SRVLEOHV DVSHFWRV SRVLWLYRV \ QHJDWLYRV TXH OD

PDGXUDFLyQItVLFDFRQOOHYDSDUDFKLFRV\FKLFDV

1RPEUHV

35È&7,&$/$$'2/(6&(1&,$&20275$16,&,Ï1(92/87,9$

&XHVWLRQHV VREUH ODV FLWDV GH ³/D DGROHVFHQFLD HQ OD ILORVRItD \ OD

OLWHUDWXUD´

 5HIOH[LRQD VREUH OD YLVLyQ GH OD DGROHVFHQFLD TXH DSRUWDQ ODV FLWDV

DQWHULRUHV 'HVWDFD ORV DVSHFWRV SRVLWLYRV \ QHJDWLYRV TXH VHJ~Q HOODV

WLHQHQORVFKLFRV\FKLFDVDGROHVFHQWHV

 ¢3LHQVDV TXH HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG OD SHUFHSFLyQ VREUH OD DGROHVFHQFLD KD

FDPELDGRRSRUHOFRQWUDULRH[LVWHQHQHOFRQMXQWRGHODVRFLHGDGLGHDV

SDUHFLGDV"

È

È

È

D

D

D

U

U

U

F

F

F

R

R

R

W

W

W

H

H

H

y

y

y

U

U

U

L

L

L

F

F

F

R

R

R

(Q HVWH DSDUWDGR YDPRV D SUHVHQWDU XQ EUHYH PDUFR WHyULFR TXH

VHUYLUi SDUD LQWURGXFLU ORV FRQWHQLGRV D WUDWDU HQ OD VHJXQGD SUiFWLFD

&RPHQ]DUHPRVUHFRUGDQGRDOJXQRVDVSHFWRVGHODWHRUtDGH-HDQ3LDJHW\

%DUEHO ,QKHOGHU VREUH HO GHVDUUROOR FRJQLWLYR GXUDQWH OD DGROHVFHQFLD SDUD

SDVDU SRVWHULRUPHQWH D WUDWDU DOJR PiV HQ SURIXQGLGDG DOJXQRV GH ORV

HVTXHPDV RSHUDFLRQDOHV IRUPDOHV &RQFUHWDPHQWH SUHVHQWDUHPRV ORV

HVTXHPDVGH&RPELQDWRULD3URSRUFLRQHV3UREDELOLGDG&RUUHODFLyQ \'REOH

6LVWHPDGH5HIHUHQFLD

$WUDYpVGHVXVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV,QKHOGHU\3LDJHWKDEtDQHQFRQWUDGR

TXH HQWUH ORV  \ ORV  DxRV FKLFRV \ FKLFDV DGTXLUtDQ XQD VHULH GH

KDELOLGDGHVTXHOHVSHUPLWtDQUD]RQDUGHXQDPDQHUDPX\SDUHFLGDDFRPR

OR KDFtDQ ORV DGXOWRV (VWH SHULRGR ~OWLPR HVWDGLR HQ VX GHVFULSFLyQ GHO

GHVDUUROORFRJQLWLYRIXHGHQRPLQDGRHVWDGLRGHODV2SHUDFLRQHV)RUPDOHV

6HJ~Q VX IRUPXODFLyQ OD IRUPD GH SHQVDU GH ORVDGROHVFHQWHV UH~QHXQDV

FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV TXH OD KDFH GLIHUHQWH GH OD IRUPD GH SHQVDU LQIDQWLO (QWUH

HVWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHVWDFDQWUHV/DSULPHUDGHHOODVHVTXHODUHDOLGDGHV

HQWHQGLGDFRPRXQVXEFRQMXQWRGHORSRVLEOH

$GLIHUHQFLDGHQLxRV\QLxDV

ORV DGROHVFHQWHV SXHGHQ DEDQGRQDU ODV DWDGXUDV GH OR FRQFUHWR \ DFWXDO

SDUD SHQVDU HQ GLIHUHQWHV SRVLELOLGDGHV \ RSFLRQHV \D TXH HO PXQGRGHOR

3RVLEOH

HVPXFKRPiVDPSOLRTXHHOGHOD 5HDOLGDG

(QVHJXQGROXJDUORV

DGROHVFHQWHVSXHGHQUD]RQDUFRQXQDOyJLFDKLSRWpWLFRGHGXFWLYDSRUORTXH

SDUDUHVROYHUSUREOHPDVFKLFRV\FKLFDVVRQFDSDFHVGHIRUPXODUKLSyWHVLV\

FRQWUDVWDUODV SRVWHULRUPHQWH VLQ QHFHVLGDG GH RSHUDU VREUH OD UHDOLGDG

FRQFUHWD/DWHUFHUDGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOUD]RQDPLHQWRDGROHVFHQWHHV

VX FDUiFWHU SURSRVLFLRQDO GRQGH HO OHQJXDMH FREUD XQD LPSRUWDQFLD

IXQGDPHQWDO FRPR LQVWUXPHQWR SULYLOHJLDGR SDUD HODERUDU KLSyWHVLV

UHSUHVHQWDU UD]RQDPLHQWRV \ HYDOXDU UHVXOWDGRV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR FKLFRV \

FKLFDV VRQ FDSDFHV GH XWLOL]DU SURSRVLFLRQHV GH QDWXUDOH]D DEVWUDFWD H

LQGHSHQGLHQWHVGHODUHDOLGDGFRQFUHWD

(QODWHRUtD3LDJHWLDQDODVXQLGDGHVEiVLFDVGHODYLGDLQWHOHFWXDOVRQ

ORV(VTXHPDV/RVHVTXHPDVVRQODVHVWUXFWXUDVSVLFROyJLFDVDWUDYpVGH

ODV TXH ODV SHUVRQDV HQWUDPRV HQ FRQWDFWR FRQ HO PHGLR TXH QRV URGHD \

TXH QRV SHUPLWHQ UHSUHVHQWDU QXHVWURV FRQRFLPLHQWRV (VWRV HVTXHPDV VH

YDQ FRQVWUX\HQGR SDUWLHQGR GH ORV DQWHULRUHV SRU OR TXH VX DGTXLVLFLyQ HV

SDXODWLQD\JUDGXDO(QHOHVWDGLRGHODVRSHUDFLRQHVIRUPDOHVVHGLVWLQJXHQ

RFKR HVTXHPDV &RPELQDWRULD 3URSRUFLRQHV 3UREDELOLGDG &RUUHODFLRQHV

'REOH VLVWHPD GH UHIHUHQFLD &RPSHQVDFLRQHV PXOWLSOLFDWLYDV \ )RUPDV GH

FRQVHUYDFLyQTXHYDQPiVDOOiGHODH[SHULHQFLD (QHVWDSUiFWLFDYDPRVD

WUDEDMDU VREUH ORV FLQFR SULPHURV SRU OR TXH D FRQWLQXDFLyQ ORV

GHVFULELUHPRVGHIRUPDUHVXPLGD

(VTXHPDGHFRPELQDWRULD

(V HO SURFHGLPLHQWR TXH SHUPLWH FRPELQDU GH IRUPD VLVWHPiWLFD ORV

HOHPHQWRV GH XQDVLWXDFLyQ JHQHUDQGRWRGDV ODV YDULDFLRQHV SRVLEOHV 8QR

GH ORV SUREOHPDV FOiVLFRV TXH ,QKHOGHU \ 3LDJHW SODQWHDEDQ D ORV

PHFDQLVPRVTXHORJUDQHTXLOLEUDUODFRPSHQVDQGRSHVR\GLVWDQFLD&KLFRV\

FKLFDVGHEHQFRPSUHQGHUTXHSDUDTXHODEDODQ]DVHHTXLOLEUHHOSURGXFWR

GHOSHVRSRUODGLVWDQFLDGHEHVHULGpQWLFRHQDPERVEUD]RV

)LJXUD%DODQ]DXWLOL]DGDSDUDHYDOXDUHOHVTXHPDGHFRUUHODFLRQHV

(Q ODV IDVHV GH OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH HVWH HVTXHPD HQFRQWUDPRV XQD

SULPHUD HQ OD TXH FKLFRV \ FKLFDVQR HQWLHQGHQ OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH SHVR \

GLVWDQFLD QL FXDOLWDWLYDQLFXDQWLWDWLYDPHQWH\VLORJUDQHTXLOLEUDUODEDODQ]D

HV FRORFDQGR HO PLVPR SHVR D FDGD ODGR R SRU D]DU FRQ GLVWLQWR SHVR D

GLIHUHQWHGLVWDQFLD(QODVHJXQGDIDVHFDSWDQODUHODFLyQFXDOLWDWLYDSHURQR

FXDQWLWDWLYDPHQWH HQ RWUDV SDODEUDV VDEHQTXH FXDQWR PiV SHVR KD\D HQ

XQODGRGHODEDODQ]DPiVFHUFDGHOFHQWURGHEHQFRORFDUHOSHVRHQHORWUR

EUD]R QR REVWDQWH QR SXHGHQ SUHFLVDU TXp UHODFLRQHV FXDQWLWDWLYDV GHEHQ

GDUVHHQWUHHOSHVR\ODGLVWDQFLDSDUDFRQVHJXLUHOHTXLOLEULR)LQDOPHQWHOD

DGTXLVLFLyQGHOHVTXHPD VXSRQHFRPSUHQGHUODUHODFLyQFXDQWLWDWLYDTXHOD

EDODQ]DVHHTXLOLEUDFXDQGRHOSURGXFWRGHOSHVRSRUODGLVWDQFLDHVLJXDOHQ

DPERV EUD]RV (Q HO DQH[R ,, WH SUHVHQWDPRV ODV GLIHUHQWHV VLWXDFLRQHV

XWLOL]DGDV SDUD HYDOXDU OD SUHVHQFLD GHO HVTXHPD GH SURSRUFLRQHV D WUDYpV

GHODEDODQ]D

(VTXHPDGH3UREDELOLGDG

'HULYD GH ORV HVTXHPDV GH FRPELQDWRULD \ SURSRUFLRQHV 6XSRQH

FRPSUHQGHU OD QRFLyQ GH SUREDELOLGDG \ UHVROYHU FRUUHFWDPHQWH SUREOHPDV

FRPRHOVLJXLHQWH³(QXQDIHULDKD\GRVWyPERODV(QODSULPHUDGHFDGD

SDSHOHWDV  WLHQHQ SUHPLR (Q OD VHJXQGD GH FDGD   WLHQHQ SUHPLR

¢(Q FXiO WHQGUtDV TXH MXJDU SDUD WHQHU PiV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH FRQVHJXLU XQ

SUHPLR"´

(VTXHPDGH&RUUHODFLyQ

3DUWH GH ORV HVTXHPDV GH SURSRUFLyQ \ SUREDELOLGDG $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ

WHSUHVHQWDPRVXQDWDUHDWtSLFDSDUDHYDOXDUHVWHHVTXHPD

³2EVHUYD ORV VLJXLHQWHV FXDWUR FDVRV GH XQD HQIHUPHGDG LPDJLQDULD

FX\RVVtQWRPDVVRQODVPDQFKLWDVHQODFDUD(QODSDUWHLQIHULRUGHOGLEXMR

GHOURVWURDSDUHFHXQUHFWiQJXORHQHOTXH VHUHFRJHQORVUHVXOWDGRVGHXQ

DQiOLVLVGHVDQJUH'HEDMRGHFDGDFDVRVHLQGLFDHOSRUFHQWDMHGHVXMHWRV

TXH VH KDHQFRQWUDGRHQXQDPXHVWUDUHSUHVHQWDWLYDGHODSREODFLyQ7UDV

FRPSDUDUHOQ~PHURGHFDVRVIDYRUDEOHV LQGLYLGXRVFRQORVVtQWRPDVGHOD

HQIHUPHGDG \ TXH KDQ VLGR GHWHFWDGRV SRU HO WHVW \ DTXHOORV VDQRV FRQ

UHVXOWDGRV QHJDWLYRV HQ HO WHVW  \ GHVIDYRUDEOHV SHUVRQDV FRQ OD

HQIHUPHGDGTXHQRKDQVLGRGHWHFWDGRV\VDQRVTXHSUHVHQWDQUHVXOWDGRV

SRVLWLYRV HQ HO WHVW  HO VXMHWR GHEH GHFLGLU VL H[LVWH UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO

SDGHFLPLHQWRGHODHQIHUPHGDG\ORVDQiOLVLVSRVLWLYRV´

XQLYHUVDOLGDG DSDUHFHHQWUHORV\DxRVFRQVROLGiQGRVHHQWUHORV

\   KRPRJHQHLGDG WRGRV ORV HVTXHPDV VH DGTXLHUHQ GH IRUPD

VLPXOWiQHD  R OD HVFDVD LPSRUWDQFLD GHO FRQWHQLGR GH ODV WDUHDV (VWXGLRV

SRVWHULRUHV KDQ UHYLVDGR DOJXQD GH HVWDV FXHVWLRQHV (O PLVPR 3LDJHW GH

IRUPD DOJR PHQRV RSWLPLVWD UHIRUPXOy ODV HGDGHV GH DGTXLVLFLyQ GHO

SHQVDPLHQWRIRUPDOVLWXiQGRODVHQWUHORV\ORVDxRV\FRQVLGHUyTXH

HQDOJXQDVWDUHDVHOFRQWHQLGRVtHUDLPSRUWDQWHDODKRUDGHFRQVLGHUDUOD

GLIHUHQWH HMHFXFLyQ GH ORV VXMHWRV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR GLIHUHQWHV WUDEDMRV KDQ

GHPRVWUDGR TXH HO FRQWHQLGR GH OD WDUHD LQIOX\H HQ VX UHVROXFLyQ

GLIHUHQFLDQGRSRUHMHPSORFODUDPHQWHDORVVXMHWRVH[SHUWRVGHORVQRYDWRV

\TXHWRGDVODVWDUHDVIRUPDOHVQRSUHVHQWDQHOPLVPRJUDGRGHGLILFXOWDG

'HKHFKRODVWDUHDVGHFRPELQDWRULDSDUHFHQUHVROYHUVHGHIRUPDPiVIiFLO

TXHODVGHSURSRUFLRQHV$OJXQDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVWDPELpQKDQGLVFXWLGROD

XQLYHUVDOLGDGGHOHVWDGLRGHODVRSHUDFLRQHVIRUPDOHVFRQVLGHUDQGRLQFOXVR

TXHPXFKRVDGXOWRVQRVRQFDSDFHVGHUHVROYHUORVSUREOHPDVTXH3LDJHWH

,QKHOGHUSURSRQtDQ1RREVWDQWHVLWHQHPRVHQFXHQWDTXHODIDPLOLDULGDG

GHODWDUHDLQIOX\HHQTXHODVHVWUXFWXUDVIRUPDOHVVHSRQJDQHQPDUFKD\

TXHODVSHUVRQDVQRVLHPSUHQRVFRPSRUWDPRVDWHQGLHQGRDOUD]RQDPLHQWR

OyJLFRPXFKDVGHHVWDVFUtWLFDVVHPLQLPL]DQ\ODVDSRUWDFLRQHVGH,QKHOGHU

\3LDJHWDGTXLHUHQVXMXVWDLPSRUWDQFLD

/DV PHMRUDV FRJQLWLYDV D ODV TXH KHPRV KHFKR UHIHUHQFLD WLHQHQ

LPSRUWDQWHV LPSOLFDFLRQHV VREUH HO FRQRFLPLHQWR TXH ORV DGROHVFHQWHV

WHQGUiQ GH HOORV PLVPRV GH ORV GHPiV \ GH VXV UHODFLRQHV FRQ ORV RWURV

/DV PD\RUHV FDSDFLGDGHV SDUD OD LQWURVSHFFLyQ YDQ D KDFHU TXH SDVHQ

PXFKRWLHPSRSHQVDQGRHQHOORVPLVPRVUHFRQRFLHQGRXQDUHDOLGDGLQWHULRU

FRQ OD TXH QR VLHPSUH HVWiQ FRQWHQWRV FRPR YHUHPRV HQ OD SUiFWLFD  

$VLPLVPR YDQ D SHUFLELU D VXV PDGUHV \ SDGUHV GH XQD IRUPD PHQRV

LGHDOL]DGD \ PiV UHDOLVWD UHFRQRFLHQGR WDQWR VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SRVLWLYDV

FRPRODVQHJDWLYDV3RURWURODGR\DOHQWHQGHUTXHODUHDOLGDGHVVyORXQD

IRUPDPiVGHORSRVLEOHFXHVWLRQDUiQODVQRUPDV\ODMXULVGLFFLyQIDPLOLDU\

VRFLDOOOHJDQGRDUHEHODUVHFRQWUDHOODV)LQDOPHQWH\GHELGRDODXPHQWRGH

ODV KDELOLGDGHV GH UHVROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDV ORV MyYHQHV VHUiQ FDSDFHV GH

GLVFXWLU HPSOHDQGR PHMRUHV DUJXPHQWRV \ JHQHUDQGR QXHYDV DOWHUQDWLYDV

7HQGUiQDGHPiVPD\RUFDSDFLGDGGHQHJRFLDFLyQ\H[LJLUiQDVXVSDGUHV\

SURIHVRUHVPiVSHVRHQODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHV

E

E

E

M

M

M

H

H

H

W

W

W

L

L

L

Y

Y

Y

R

R

R

V

V

V

 ([DPLQDUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOGHVDUUROORFRJQLWLYRDGROHVFHQWHGHVGHHO

SULVPDGHODWHRUtD3LDJHWLDQD

 &RQRFHU ORV HVTXHPDV RSHUDFLRQDOHV IRUPDOHV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV

&RPELQDWRULD 3URSRUFLRQHV 3UREDELOLGDG &RUUHODFLyQ \ 'REOH 6LVWHPD GH

5HIHUHQFLD

 $QDOL]DU SUREOHPDV FX\D UHVROXFLyQ H[LJH OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH HVWRV

HVTXHPDV

F

FF

W

WW

L

LL

Y

YY

L

LL

G

GG

D

DD

G

GG

H

HH

V

VV

(QHVWDSUiFWLFDYDPRVDUHDOL]DUGRVDFWLYLGDGHVGLVWLQWDV(QSULPHU

OXJDU \ EDViQGRQRV HQ XQD JUDEDFLyQ TXH SUHVHQWDUHPRV HQ FODVH

LGHQWLILFDUHPRV HQ TXp PRPHQWR GH OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH ORV HVTXHPDV GH

&RPELQDWRULD \ 3URSRUFLRQHV VH HQFXHQWUDQ XQ FKLFR \ XQD FKLFD

DGROHVFHQWH (Q VHJXQGR OXJDU SODQWHDUHPRV DOJXQRV SUREOHPDV TXH VH

UHVROYHUiQ PiV IiFLOPHQWH DFXGLHQGR D ORV HVTXHPDV RSHUDFLRQDOHV

IRUPDOHV

 7UDVHOYLVLRQDGRGHOYtGHRVLW~DDODFKLFD\DOFKLFRHQODIDVHHQTXHVH

HQFXHQWUDQGHQWURGHODDGTXLVLFLyQGHOSHQVDPLHQWRIRUPDOHQIXQFLyQGHVX