Presentation
Name: Branca
Hernández
Registration
number: 2-
193685
Career: Modern
Languages
Subject:
intermediate
English ll
Topic: Critical
thinking
Teacher:
Jovanny
Duran
Delivery date:
19-3-22
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Presentation
Name: Branca
Hernández
Registration
number: 2-
Career: Modern
Languages
Subject:
intermediate
English ll
Topic: Critical
thinking
Teacher:
Jovanny
Duran
Delivery date:
Introduction
When one thinks about culture, what often comes to mind are the foods, languages, celebrations, music, and clothing of people from different areas of the world. While these things are certainly part of culture, there are a lot more cultural components that are not quite as easy to see. As Sonia Nieto and Patty Bode note, “Culture includes not only tangibles such as foods, holidays, dress, and artistic expression but also less tangible manifestations such as communication style, attitudes, values, and family relationships”. English teachers have a special responsibility to help students navigate the components of culture that may not be easily visible. Many students studying English may eventually wish to travel, attend school, or work in other countries. Others may choose to work in industries that require them to interact with English speakers from many different backgrounds. Therefore, it is important that students are able to think critically about their personal experiences and cultural values, those of other people, and the potential conflicts differences may cause. This critical thinking will help them to navigate and resolve potential cultural misunderstandings.
The importance of critical thinking
Critical thinking is a domain-general thinking skill. The ability to think clearly and rationally is important whatever we choose to do. If you work in education, research, finance, management or the legal profession, then critical thinking is obviously important. But critical thinking skills are not restricted to a particular subject area. Being able to think well and solve problems systematically is an asset for any career. Critical thinking is very important in the new knowledge economy. The global knowledge economy is driven by information and technology. One has to be able to deal with changes quickly and effectively. The new economy places increasing demands on flexible intellectual skills, and the ability to analyses information and integrate diverse sources of knowledge in solving problems. Good critical thinking promotes such thinking skills, and is very important in the fast-changing workplace. Critical thinking enhances language and presentation skills. Thinking clearly and systematically can improve the way we express our ideas. In learning how to analyses the logical structure of texts, critical thinking also improves comprehension abilities. Critical thinking promotes creativity. To come up with a creative solution to a problem involves not just having new ideas. It must also be the case that the new ideas being generated are useful and relevant to the task at hand. Critical thinking plays a crucial role in evaluating new ideas, selecting the best ones and modifying them if necessary Critical thinking is crucial for self-reflection. In order to live a meaningful life and to structure our lives accordingly, we need to justify and reflect on our values and decisions. Critical thinking provides the tools for this process of self-evaluation. Good critical thinking is the foundation of science and democracy. Science requires the critical use of reason in experimentation and theory confirmation. The proper functioning of a liberal democracy requires citizens who can think critically about social issues to inform their judgments about proper governance and to overcome biases and prejudice.
Critical thinking is a metacognitive skill. What this means is that it is a higher-level cognitive skill that involves thinking about thinking. We have to be aware of the good principles of reasoning, and be reflective about our own reasoning. In addition, we often need to make a conscious effort to improve ourselves, avoid biases, and maintain objectivity. This is notoriously hard to do. We are all able to think but to think well often requires a long period of training. The mastery of critical thinking is similar to the mastery of many other skills. There are three important components: theory, practice, and attitude. Theory If we want to think correctly, we need to follow the correct rules of reasoning. Knowledge of theory includes knowledge of these rules. These are the basic principles of critical thinking, such as the laws of logic, and the methods of scientific reasoning, etc. Also, it would be useful to know something about what not to do if we want to reason correctly. This means we should have some basic knowledge of the mistakes that people make. First, this requires some knowledge of typical fallacies. Second, psychologists have discovered persistent biases and limitations in human reasoning. An awareness of these empirical findings will alert us to potential problems. Practice However, merely knowing the principles that distinguish good and bad reasoning is not enough. We might study in the classroom about how to swim, and learn about the basic theory, such as the fact that one should not breathe under water. But unless we can apply such theoretical knowledge through constant practice, we might not actually be able to swim. Similarly, to be good at critical thinking skills it is necessary to internalize the theoretical principles so that we can actually apply them in daily life. There are at least two ways. One is to do lots of good-quality exercises. Exercises include not just exercises in classrooms and tutorials. They also include exercises in the form of discussion and debates with other people in our daily life. The other method is to think more deeply about the principles that we have acquired. In the human mind, memory and understanding are acquired through making connections between ideas.
Finally, as mentioned earlier, psychologists have discovered over the years that human reasoning can be easily affected by all kinds of cognitive biases. For example, people tend to be over-confident of their abilities, and focus too much on evidence that supports their pre-existing opinions. We should be alert to these biases in our attitudes towards our own thinking.
How critical thinking can be improved in language
classes
Critical thinking skills are not likely to develop spontaneously. On the contrary, teachers must take a directive role in initiating and guiding critical thinking. Language classes are particularly appropriate for teaching critical thinking owing to the richness of material and the interactive approaches used. Of the many concepts related to acquisition and improvement of critical thinking, self-awareness is one of the most important. Through critical thinking and self-awareness, one can understand the relationship between thoughts and emotions. Although it is assumed that they are independent, the truth is that feelings are based on some level of thought, and thoughts generate from some level of feeling. Emotions play an important part in learning because learners may bring learned indifference, irrational fears, acquired hostility, and inflexible ideas into the classroom so their learning is limited to the surface .Language teachers can activate critical thinking in the classroom by highlighting self-awareness; that is, they can help the learners have and show understanding of themselves and their surroundings. By means of interactive approaches and materials, teachers can help students be aware of their perceptions, assumptions, prejudices, and values and can help students break old habits to construct a new point of view. It will take effort, but students will enjoy discovering themselves as they learn a language. Perceptions : We hear, see, taste, or feel stimuli by means of our senses. This process occurs so spontaneously that we tend to think of perception as a passive process. However, perception is an active rather than a
passive process. It enables us to construct, interpret, and make conclusions about information we receive, rather than simply to record “reality.” Perception is a process of making inferences. Through inferences we construct our own version of reality. However, our version of reality may be distorted by our past experiences, education, cultural values, and role requirements .To help the learner become aware of his or her own perceptions and how they may differ from those of others, language teachers can use optical illusions in class. Teach students different ways of seeing and help them realize that people can perceive the same things in different ways. Assumptions: are ideas that a speaker or a writer takes for granted, like axioms in mathematics. Ideas that ought to be examined are assumed to be true, so it is possible to build an argument that seems completely logical. However, if an initial premise is false, the result will be wrong. By focusing on critical thinking skills, language teachers can help students identify their assumptions, consider whether those assumptions are justifiable, and understand how they shape students’ point of view. Since associating personal interest with collective interest (assuming that what is good for you is good for everyone) is a common trend, clarifying assumptions is one of the basic steps of critical thinking .There are many techniques for revealing assumptions. One is to have students read a story and then explain their assumptions and give their rationale for those assumptions. The teacher must be careful not to label responses as right or wrong, or students will be reluctant to speak. Breaking habits: Habits can be quite useful, especially habits that we repeat regularly, such as when we eat our meals and how we go to school each day. Without habits we could spend much of our time deciding what to do next. On the other hand, when we need to think imaginatively or critically, we have to break habits. A good thinker does not get stuck in a rut. Good thinkers are imaginative; when one method does not work, they try a new one. Instead of seeing things only one way, they see many possibilities. When good thinkers make plans, they are also willing to break them to follow a better idea. They create “versions” instead of only one way to practice creating.
questions into four types: summary and definition, analysis, hypothesis, and evaluation. To promote critical thinking, teachers should ask their students analysis, hypothesis, and evaluative questions instead of summary and definition questions. In reading lessons especially, teachers have the opportunity to apply these categories.
Conclusion
When we discuss Critical thinking, we refer to some specific practices. First of all, critical thinking occurs when we doubt something- a text, an idea, a political statement, a speech, a piece of information, an article. Second of all, it also occurs when we look at a specific issue or problem, from more than one perspective. Third of all, it also occurs when we criticize something, in a constructive way. For example, disagreeing with the words of a journalist, while pointing out the problem and supporting our opinion with arguments. Also, when critically viewing new information, we can find more meanings that might be indirect. Therefore, it becomes apparent why Critical Thinking is necessary when learning a language. Per the above fact, it is useful to mention that critical thinking skills are improved through the process of language learning. Critical thinking and language learning support each other at a level where Critical thinking can almost teach you the language itself. For example, critically assessing a situation and its character- during which you have to communicate in a specific language with someone, has already given you the necessary “tool” that guarantees the efficiency of the communication. It is very important to realize that language learning can become much more efficient and interesting if critical thinking is applied and used. At the same time, critical thinking skills can be acquired and improved while learning a language, because of the variety of exercises and activities this process includes.