open word classes, Apuntes de Idioma Inglés

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The word classes of English^ Holger [email protected]

Review

^ Explain the terms syntagmatic and paradigmatic
^ Explain the terms open and closed word classes
^ Why are semantic criteria alone not sufficient to define word classes?
^ One aspect defining English word classes is their distribution. Explain^ how distributional properties can help to differentiate between …how distributional properties can help to differentiate between …^ (i)^ nouns and verbs(ii)^ adjectives and adverbs(iii) prepositions and conjunctions
^ In addition to distributional criteria there are morphological criteria thatlinguists use to define word classes. Explain

Nouns

Inflections categories:^ ^ number^ ^ gender^ ^ case

car - carshe - shehe - him Subtypes:^ ^ count nouns^ ^ proper/common nouns^ ^ mass nouns

a cara Peter?a milk

Verbs

Inflections categories:^ ^ tense^ ^ aspect^ ^ voice

Present vs. PastSimple vs. ProgressiveActive vs. Passive Subtypes:^ ^ transitive^ ^ intransitive^ ^ ditransitive

take, hit, seewalk, sleep, diegive, send, offer

Auxiliaries

Basic auxiliaries:^ ^ be^ ^ have^ ^ will

progressive, passivepresent + past perfectfuture tense Modal auxiliaries:^ ^ deontic use^ ^ epistemic use

I can’t help youThis cannot be right

Adjectives

Two basic uses:^ ^ attributive:^ ^ predicative:

The big bookThe book is big Plain Comparative^ Superlative Gradable^ funny^

funnier^ funniestbeautiful more beautiful^ most beautifulgood better^ best Non-gradable^ male^

*maler^ *malest

Adverbs

Subtypes:^ ^ circumstance:^ ^ degree:^ ^ sentential:

run fastvery oldunfortunately, ... Adverb type^ Eliciting question

Examples Manner adverb^ How?

well, nicely, cleverly Place adverb^ Where?

here, there, everywhere Direction adverb^ Where to? Where from?

up, back, forward, home Time- when^ adverb^ When?

then, once, tonight, soon Duration adverb^ How long?

long, briefly, always Frequency adverb^ How often?

always, often, usually

Determiners articles the, a(n) negative determiner no possessive determiner my,^ your,

his,^ her,^ its,^ our,^ their possessive determiner^

my,^ your,^ his,^ her,^ its,^ our,^ their demonstrative determiner

this, that, these, those indefinite quantifying determiners

all, some, any, every, each, either, interrogative determiners

what, which, whatever, whichever,

Conjunctions temporal when, while, since, after, before, until conditional if, even if, in case, unless causal because, since, as concessive although, albeit coordinate and, but, for, nor, neither

Prepositions spatial on, in, under, through, into, across, to temporal in, since, after, before, until causal because of, due to, on account of others of, with, about, as