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Comparative Criminal Law

Universitat de Lleida 2012

Dr. Josep M. Tamarit

Bibliography

• (^) - Dubber, M. “Comparative Criminal Law”, in Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law (2006)
• (^) - Duff, A. (2002,2008), “Theories of Criminal Law”, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• (^) - Frase, R. / Weigend, T. (1995)German Criminal Justice as a Guide to American Law Reform: Similar Problems,Better Solutions?, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review

History of CCL

• (^) Paradox: CCL lies at the origins of the CL

but has attracted little attention

• (^) CL: The most closely associated with

sovereignty. From the householder’s

patriarchal power to the “king’s peace” and

to the “public peace”

• (^) Enlightenment: rationality, relativity of

apparently ironclad rules

First approaches

• (^) A.v. Feuerbach: Essay on Islamic law (1800).
  • Early attempt at legal anthropology
  • Enlightenment spirit
  • Interest in the exotic world of Muslim culture
  • Comparative method as part of his rejection of traditional natural law (deduction of principles of justice from reason alone)

Legal traditions

• (^) Common law systems: USA, United

Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New

Zealand, India and former British colonies

• (^) Civil law systems (continental or roman-

Germanic law): it is the most prevalent:

rest of EU, Japan and Latin America

• (^) Islamic systems (muslim justice)
• (^) Socialist systems: Cuba

Legal systems of the world: Civil law / Common law / Islamic / Civil and common law

Islamic systems

• (^) The Koran is the first source of Law
• (^) Theocracies: legal rule and religious rule go together
• (^) Based on a concept of natural justice: crimes considered acts that offend religion
• (^) Islamic law ( Sharia, the path to follow ) supplemented by interpretation of Koran, analogical reasoning and consensus of legal scholars
• (^) Islamic Law is in some countries coexisting with civil law or common law

“Common Law”: English Law

• (^) The main source is the common law
• (^) Statute law (criminal legislation): Offences against the person Act 1861, Criminal Justice Act 2003
• (^) Judge-made law, case-law, binding precedent (stare decisis). Courts
• (^) Prevalence of realist approach at a theoretical level. Distinction between “law in the books” and “law in action”: consider the interaction between the law itself and discretion in the criminal process

Other European Penal Codes

• (^) Germany: Penal Code of the Reich 1871.

Reform of 1933. Reform of 1962/1975.

• (^) Italy: Codice Zanardelli 1889 and Codice

Rocco 1930.

• (^) Sweden: PC 1864 / PC 1965 /reform 1988
• (^) Netherlands: 1811 French PC / PC1881 /

Codification trend of the ninetees

• (^) France: Code penal 1994
• (^) Portugal: Codigo penal 1990
• (^) Spain: Código penal 1995
• (^) European Eastern countries: Russian

Federation 1996 / Poland 1997 / Croatia

1997 / Slovenia 2008

Videos

• (^) What is Law? Differences between Criminal Law and Civil Law: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOa2KI59RYs&feature=relat ed
• (^) Video Vocabulary: http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=t7slhqPogqg&feature=related
• (^) Basics of Criminal Law: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDxIoQRiuDQ
• (^) Criminal Courts (The Legal System): http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=WB_nkvw1xzk&feature=relmfu
• (^) Nüremberg Trial: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcudlm6tPa
• (^) ICC: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAgI6KNONHI

Fields in CL

• Substantive criminal law:

General part: principles of liability and

general theory of crime

Special part: specific offense definitions

• Law of sanctions and execution: covers the

quantity and quality of sanctions inflicted

for violations of criminal norms

• Criminal procedure: deals with the norms

ruling the criminal process

Punishment Theory

• (^) Two-track system: penalties and security measures (rely on culpability and risk)
• (^) Rationales of punishment: Retribution General deterrence Positive general prevention Special deterrence Rehabilitation Incapacitation Reparation / Restoration

Jurisdiction

• (^) Anglo-American CL: Territorial Jurisdiction. Even in USA there is a dual sovereignty exception that renders the double jeopardy protection inapplicable (one act can be punished in two different States) (discretionary power to punish)
• (^) Continental CL: Admits easily nonterritorial jurisdiction: active personality, passive personality and (more exceptionally) universal jurisdiction