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UNIT 1

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL

ASSESSMENT

INDEX

Antecedents of Psychological Assessment

Constitution of Psychological Assessment

Development of Psychological Assessment

Psychological Assessment in Spain

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Class Notes

Fernández Ballesteros, R. (2004) Evaluación Psicológica: concepto, métodos y

estudio de casos I****. Pirámide. Chapter 1

 Pelechano, V. (1988). Del psicodiagnóstico clásico al diagnóstico ecopsicológico, vol I. Valencia: Alfaplús. Chapter 3

Moreno Rosset, C. (2005). Evaluación Psicológica. Concepto, proceso y aplicación

en las áreas del desarrollo y de la inteligencia. Sanz y Torres. Chapter 2

1. MYTHICAL ANTECEDENTS : attempted to understand the behavior of people and predict future behavior or events through mythical beliefs:

Astrology, horoscopes and astrological charts , depending on the location of the stars Palmistry : by reading the palm of the hand. Cartomancy : through the Tarot Hepatoscopy : the study of the liver of a sacrificed animal to predict future events

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT ANTECEDENTS

Etruscan inscriptions on a bronze model of a sheep´s liver

2. RATIONAL ANTECEDENTS

1. Ancient China (2,200 BC approx.): Assessment of civil servants using exams 2. Bible: Gideon chose soldiers observing their posture drinking water in the river. He chose those who did not kneel but crouched and drank water without being dropped from the hand (alert and skill)

3.Ancient Greece : a) School of Pythagoras: Procedure for selecting students b) Aristotle: Physiognomy: the psychological characteristics of a person can be evaluated through face features. c) Hippocrates: Theory of the 4 types of temperaments (sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic) from the four moods

4.Middle Age : a) Joan Lluis Vives: It noticed the diversity of the wits and the social Importance of an education tailored to the talents of learners. b) Juan Huarte de San Juan: "The Study of Wits for Sciences" (1575). People differ in their talents. These differences must be assessed to get a match of skills, different occupations and types of education The learning environment influences Precursor of personnel selection Creation of the first European universities: exams for getting degrees.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT ANTECEDENTS

Gall (1758- 1828 ) : Phrenology: study of the relationship between the anatomical conformation of the brain and the external configuration of the skull and the psychological characteristics of individuals.

The diagnosis was based on the palpation of the skull to know the mental faculties in each individual according to a key that related features of the skull with specific qualities or defects

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMEN ANTECEDENTS

3. SCIENTIFIC ANTECEDENTS (continuation)

Quetelet (1796-1874): Mathematics: One of the founders of the application of statistics to social sciences. He studied biological and sociological variables, noting that both follow a normal distribution, so he developed measures of central tendency. His methods influenced authors such as Galton, Pearson or Spearman

Compulsory Education: Along the S. XIX national education systems were organized in different European countries and the United States (Moyano´s Law of 1858 in Spain).Compulsory schooling made necessary to apply psychological principles to the education (boom educational psychology)

The need to assess academic performance. This focus on assessment in schools are the antecedents of the later work of authors such as Binet in France and Thordike in U.S.A.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMEN ANTECEDENTS

3. SCIENTIFIC ANTECEDENTS (continuation)

Three authors share the authorship of the configuration of the

psychological assessment as a scientific discipline:

Francis Galton (1822-1911)

James McKeen Cattell (1861-1934)

Alfred Binet (1857-1911)

THE FOUNDERS

FRANCIS GALTON

Founder of Psychological Assessment , Differential Psychology and Eugenic Movement

"The heritage of Genius" (1869): Intelligence is innate, genetically determined.

1. Importance of data collection: Universal Exhibition in London: South Kensington Museum: Anthropometric Laboratory in London (1884): He assessed 9377 people in variables such as physical, sensory, perceptual and motor skills 2. Emphasis on quantitative : All aspects of the human being can be measured quanlitatively and adapted to the normal curve. 3. Developed Statistics : The median, quartile deviation, correlation coefficient, and correlation tables and regression 4. Insistence on the inheritance : Using family trees to see the development of specific characteristics (alcoholism, crime, etc ...). Following his cousin Charles Darwin thought that the man was also submitted to natural selection, which should be respected. He thought the man was headed for a regression to mediocrity. Hence his advocacy of eugenics. (eg. Isadora Duncan /Bernard Shaw) (actress, beautiful singer / great playwright) (beauty/intelligence)

ALFRED BINET

Developed the first metric scale of intelligence

1. He shared with Galton an interest in individual differences
2. He rejected the idea that intelligence could be assessed through sensory-motor processes
3. He defends the study of higher mental functions: intelligence must be assessed through the performance of subjects in tasks involving complex mental processes (understanding, reasoning, etc.)
4. The Ministry of Education asked him to make a scale that could be used to separate children that could continue school education from those with problems continue it.

The scale comprises 30 problems of increasing difficulty for 3 to 11 years old children, as well as children with mental retardation.

5. For Binet, the term "mental retardation" was close to the conception that we have

today, that is, as children whose performance was similar to children younger than themselves.

He uses for the first time the term "mental age":

Normal: Children answered right to the problems of a reference group with the same chronological age.

Retarded: They answered right to problems of a younger reference group

Advanced: They answered right to problems of an older reference group.

(Later, Stern developed IQ = (MA / CA) x

IQ (intelligence quotient); MA (mental age); CA (chronological age)

ALFRED BINET

FIRST PERIOD SECOND HALF OF XIX CENTURY UNTIL 1914: CONSTITUCION

1. Founders
2. Extreme eagerness to find explanations for human characteristics
3. Progress in neurological and psychiatric diagnosis

Guislain : provided the basis for structured interviews in patients: how, why, when, where.

Snell : Developed an operating mode for the detection of symptoms of diseases by objective evidence

Grashey : studied aphasia (loss of language skills) and agnosia (difficulty recognizing words or objects) following brain traumas

Rieger : Presented a complete battery for mental functioning (perceptual tests, memory, etc ...)

Wernicke : Found an area of language in the left temporal lobe (Wernicke´s area)

FIRST PERIOD SECOND HALF OF XIX CENTURY UNTIL 1914: CONSTITUCION

4. The social impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory
5. Physiognomy model: facial expression as a way of knowing the

person; and Phrenology model based on skull characteristics

(shape, bumps) as indicators of human functioning.

Kretschmer , its main representative, made a typology of physical

features, which correspond to modes of acting, thinking and even

getting sick.

Between the Two World Wars

Increasing expansion:

Proliferation in tests construction and application (often indiscriminately)

Psychological assessment opening to other different fields apart from intelligence, such as personality, interests, social behavior, and so on.

Generalization of psychological assessment to other areas (other than military) such as industrial and clinical

Increasing dissociation:

Spectacular growth of psychometric model Clinical assessment of projective type

SECOND PERIOD I & II WORLD WARS AND INTERWARS PERIOD

GROWTH OF PSYCHOMETRIC MODEL

1. The test theory is being developed and refined (reliability, validity, objectivity)
2. Arises factor analysis methodology (Thurstone, 1935), directly affecting intelligence and creating the controversy over the multifactor(Thusrtone) or monofactor structure (Spearman)
3. Publication of Relevant Scales:

• Inventory Strong Vocational Interests *Bender Gestalt Test *
• Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence scale for adults
• Kuder Preference Record
• Doll Vineland Scale Maturity

SECOND PERIOD I & II WORLD WARS AND INTERWARS PERIOD

Between the Two World Wars